Moyamoya disease is a rare progressive cerebrovascular disorder caused by blocked Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Arteries at the base of the brain in the basal ganglia area. It is a chronic and progressive condition. The word “Moyamoya” is Japanese which refers to a hazy puff of smoke or cloud due to the appearance of blood vessels like a puff of smoke in angiograms of people suffering from this disease. The exact etiology of Moyamoya disease remains unclear, but there seems to be genetic and acquired forms. The first sign of Moyamoya disease is usually stroke or recurrent Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) also called “mini-strokes”. Some other symptoms may include brain hemorrhage, headaches, developmental delays, aneurysm, involuntary movements, problems with cognitive abilities, problems with the senses, seizures, hemiparesis, ischaemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke. Despite the etiology of Moyamoya disease being unclear, there are certain factors which may increase the risk of getting the disease, like Asian ancestry, family history of Moyamoya disease, other medical conditions, being female and being young. Moyamoya disease has a very unclear etiology and pathogenesis. Moyamoya disease can be diagnosed using tests like Cerebral Arteriography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), etc. There is no cure for Moyamoya disease, but can be treated using drugs and surgical procedures. Hence, extensive studies need to be conducted in order to better determine the exact pathophysiology of the disease and also to find more effective treatment options that would further improve the prognosis in patients with Moyamoya Disease.

Leiomyomas or fibromyomas, commonly called uterine fibroids, are the most common tumors that originate from the smooth muscle of the uterus (myometrium). Uterine fibroids are generally classified into four main types based on their location, namely: intramural fibroids, subserosal fibroids, pedunculated fibroids and submucosal fibroids. The actual cause of leiomyomas is unknown but the hormone estrogen is found to be the possible stimulus to their proliferation which is proven by the increase in the size of these fibroids during pregnancy and high dose estrogen therapy. The most common signs and symptoms of uterine fibroids include heavy menstrual bleeding, menstrual periods lasting longer than a week, pelvic pressure or pain, frequent urination, difficulty emptying the bladder, constipation and backache or leg pain. Some of the factors that may increase the risk of women having uterine fibroids are old age, women of African- American race, obesity, family history of Leiomyomas, high blood pressure, nulliparity, vitamin D deficiency, excess eating leading to weight gain and consumption of estrogen rich foods. Routine examination, ultrasound, saline hysterosonography, lab tests, MRI, hysteroscopy and hysterosalpingography are some of the tests used to diagnose uterine fibroids. Symptomatic treatment of uterine fibroids may include medical management, surgical treatment or a combination of the two. Hence, the treatment of women with uterine fibroids must be tailored according to their symptoms, number, size and location of the fibroids, the patient’s age, need, and desire to preserve their fertility or their uterus, the availability of the treatment and the physician’s experience.