Structural property of a C$_{60}$-peapod sample under high pressure up to 25 GPa was investigated by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements with a diamond anvil cell. It was observed that C$_{60}$-C$_{60}$ distance in a carbon nanotube decreases with pressure from 0.956 nm at 0.1 MPa down to 0.845 nm at 25 GPa. It was also found that the distance value on complete release of pressure after compression remained to be much smaller than the its initial value. These experimental results indicate the polymerization of C$_{60}$ molecules in a carbon nanotube. * The Manuscript Click here to download The Manuscript: kawasaki.tex also found that the distance value on complete release of pressure after compression remained to be much smaller than the its initial value. These experimental results indicate the polymerization of C 60 molecules in a carbon nanotube.

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of single-walled carbon nanotube and C 60 -peapod samples under high pressures up to 13 GPa and at high temperature were carried out. Anisotropical shrinkages of their bundle 2-dimensional lattices by compression at room temperature were observed. It was found that the lattices recover original forms reversibly upon pressure release. It was also found Preprint submitted to Elsevier Science 19 August 2004that irreversible phase transformations occur by raising temperature at the highest pressure. The high-pressure and high-temperature treated samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and Raman measurements.It was indicated by transmission electron microscope observation that hexagonal diamond is able to be synthesized by high pressure and high temperature treatment of C 60 -peapods.

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of three types of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (open-and closed-end, and C 60 -peapod samples) under high pressure using a cubic anvil press with a liquid-pressure-transmitting-medium (LPTM) were carried out. Comparing with a previous experiment using a solid-pressure-transmitting-medium, it was found that the high pressure behavior of SWNT bundles is much affected by the LPTM. In order to investigate the dependence of the LPTM effect on the tube-end structure, in situ Raman scattering measurements were also performed.

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We report a facile method to efficiently visualize the atomic carbon network of curved few-layered graphitic systems including folded bi-layer graphene, nanoribbon edges and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (straight and bent), via the processing of aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (AC-HRTEM) images. This technique is also able to atomically resolve the structure of overlapping graphene layers with different orientations, thus enabling us to determine the stacking order of multiple graphene layers. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to identify the stacking order of a misoriented 4-layer closed-edge graphene and a metal-semiconductor double-walled carbon nanotube junction.