The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the differences in the strength of social capital that is bonding and bridging two community groups, namely land-dwellers and Sama Bajo boat-dwellers in three islands in Wakatobi Marine National Park. This study used a post-positivistic research paradigm, and the primary data were collected by using a questionnaire to 240 respondents who represented the group of land-dwellers and Sama Bajo boat-dwellers on the islands of Wangi-wangi, Kaledupa, and Tomia. This research was also supported by qualitative data through in-depth interviews from several informants and desk studies. The results showed that bridging social capital relations tend to be weak in the two forms of interactions between the Sama Bajo and the land-dwellers on Wangi-wangi Island and Kaledupa Island, while bridging social capital tend to be secured in Tomia Island. We found that the social context through the historical links in the past and identity played a role in the relationship of bridging social capital and bonding social capital in the three communities as an analytical unit of this research.

The study was conducted from January to December 2015 in Andomesinggo Village, Besulutu District, Konawe Regency and Lambandia Village, Lambandia District, East Kolaka Regency. The study aims to examine the production and income of cocoa farming after the GERNAS Kakao program has been implemented. Determination of respondents was carried out in census. Data collected were analyzed descriptive quantitatively. The results of the study show that GERNAS Kakao program has been able to significantly increase cocoa farming production. The average production of cocoa farming in Southeast Sulawesi in 2015 was 871.80 kg per ha while the average production of cocoa beans produced by farming in the GERNAS Kakao program was 1,000.78 kg per ha. The average cocoa farming income in the GERNAS Kakao program is Rp 35,920,865, - per ha.Keywords: production; income; GERNAS Kakao program

This article describes and compares three modelings of the relationship between Sama Bajo boat-dwellers Bagai land-dwellers social capital and the social resilience of Sama Bajo in three local social contexts of land-dwellers in Wakatobi National Park (WNP). The research was conducted from May 2018 until June 2019 in Mantigola Sama Bajo on Kaledupa Island, Lamanggau Sama Bajo on Tomia Island, and Mola Sama Bajo on Wangi-wangi Island. Information was collected from 240 respondents who were selected by spatial sampling technique. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, we found that the structural model is effective for evaluating social resilience, particularly for Mantigola and Lamanggau Sama Bajo who interact with homogenous land-dwellers, namely Kaledupa and Tomia land-dwellers as well as a stepping stone to strengthen their social resilience capacity by taking into account social relation, livelihood, the human and financial capital of the land-dwellers in the marine preserve area. Despite the success shown, a key constraint is due to inadequacies when the structural modeling reflects the urban local social environment of Sama Bajo as stated by Mola Sama Bajo, who established their bridging capital to the heterogeneous land-dwellers. Future research should take limitations into account by identifying various land-dwellers who develop social ties with the boat-dwellers. Similar research should be taken into consideration to validate the modeling in Sama Bajo populations that live in open access types. This is crucial to determine if other characteristics of Sama Bajo social resilience appear in the social setting of a different kinds of marine preserve areas.

The relationship between Sama Bajo’s small-scale fishers and land-dwellers are unique and paradox. These ties embedded in the everyday economic and social life of Sama Bajo as an Indonesian iconic maritime tribe. This article will identify key actors between Sama Bajo and varied land-dwellers. We presume that the actors support cooperation and enhance the social resilience of Sama Bajo communities in marine preserve social context. The research was conducted from May until June 2019 in three Sama Bajo villages and land-dwellers islands in Wakatobi Regency. A social mapping, using UCINET 6.0, is offered to seek key actors in the different local social context of land-dwellers. Research findings found that key actors related to trading networks, social identity, and gender dimension. Later, the actors’ social relation has contributed to the social resilience amongst three different Sama Bajo communities in Wakatobi Marine National Park.