An unknown pathogen that caused an unknown respiratory disease in humans was discovered in China city of Wuhan, where it was given the name "new coronavirus. “or COVID-19. COVID-19 epidemiology and clinical features in Pakistan is the focus of this study. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the burden of COVID-19 in Swat, which might be helpful in preventing viral transmission in Pakistan. Methods: The current Retrospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in district Swat Pakistan from April 2020 to June 2021. For the study, data were collected from local population who were suspicious or merely for screening reasons they visit to hospital at Swat Teaching Hospital, Swat, Pakistan. To find out the association between age group and COVID -19, a Chi-square test was used with a p-value less than 0.05. Results: A total of 11610 samples were analyzed in this study. The average patient's age was 40 years. Among total, there were 2230 (19%) cases were positive. The gender distributions of Covid-19, females were more affected 1128 (50.60%) than males 1102 (49.40%), but no significant difference in incidence rate. Adults accounted for COVID-19 active cases, 886 (40%) patients in the age range of 21-40 years, 686 (31%) in the age range of 41-60 years, 391 (17.5%), and 155 (7%), 45 (2%), and 40 (1.7%) patients in the age range of 61-80, 11-20, and 80-100 and 1-10 years, respectively. The research comprised a total of 27 older patients who met the locally recognized threshold of being elderly. A total of 40 (1.7%) of the juvenile patients were also infected. Conclusion: In this study patients in the age range of 21-40 years and compared to men females were more likely to be affected.

Background: Because of the recent outbreak of Covid-19, the globe is now facing a number of difficult challenges. The morbidity and mortality rate varies depending upon numerous factors. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the mortality and morbidity rate of Covid-19 in a tertiary care hospital of Swat Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Swat Teaching Hospital, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkha Pakistan for duration of one year from April 2020 to March 2021. Nasopharyngeal or Oropharyngeal swabs were taken from all the enrolled patients and sent to the national institute of health Islamabad or swat public health laboratory for the diagnosis of Covid-19. The rate of morbidity and mortality for all the enrolled patients was recorded. All the data analysis was done by using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: In the current study, totally 11609 patients were enrolled. There were 7329 (63.13%) males and 4280 (36.87%) females. The overall morbidity rate of covid-19 was 18.25% (n= 2089) whereas the overall mortality rate was13.16% (n=275) patients. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the rate of morbidity and mortality of covid-19 is high in district Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The burden of covid-19 was high in males as compared to females and the mortality rate increases with the increase in age. All the people residing in the district Swat should be vaccinated to decrease both the morbidity and mortality rate of covid-19. Keywords: Covid-19; Mortality; Morbidity; Swat

Introduction: Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is commonly used as a first-line treatment for depression. However, the potential effects of Citalopram on testicular histo-morphology and hormone levels have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Citalopram on the microscopic structure of the testes and the levels of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in male albino rats. Aims: The primary objective of this study was to assess the effects of Citalopram on testicular histo-morphology using the Johnson scoring system. The secondary objective was to measure the levels of serum testosterone, LH, and FSH in rats treated with varying doses of Citalopram. Methodology: A total of 25 healthy male albino rats were divided into five groups: control, group I, group II, group III, and group IV. The rats in groups I to IV were orally administered 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg of Citalopram, respectively, while the control group received oral distilled water. The dosages were adjusted based on the suggested doses for humans and scaled according to the rats' weight.