Purpose: The local peace actors, including poets, play an important role in promoting peace in a conflict context. In this vein, this study aims to investigate the role of local poets in promoting peace in the conflict-affected communities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Methodology: A qualitative inquiry was conducted in one of the Districts of former FATA, namely Bajaour. During fieldwork, fifty in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants, including poets, journalists, teachers, writers, and traditional peacebuilders. Findings: Thematic analysis revealed four major themes of local poets' role in promoting peace. These themes are; firstly, the poets highlighted the miseries of the conflict situation in their poetry. Secondly, they attempted to give voice to the sighs of oppressed and voiceless people. Thirdly, they resisted the increasing oppression. Finally, they preached peace and resisted violence Implications: It is concluded that poetry is an effective tool for promoting peace which should be used by peacebuilding organizations and government agencies working for peace in a conflict context.

The Bayes’ theorem is a mathematical formula to gauge and describe the probability of an event by employing prior knowledge and evidence relevant to the event. The objective of the present study was to understand the Bayesian theorem and its application in judicial trials by deploying doctrinal research methodology. After consulting authoritative writings of prominent researchers and judicial decisions, study found that the Bayesian Probability in legal context used in odds version, likelihood ratio and in the form of Bayesian networks. The study also found that the application of the theorem in judicial proceedings was controversial since various researchers condemned, and numerous analysts advocated its application in real time court cases. Moreover, the study found that the theorem has been and advocated to be used to measure the probative force of statistical and non-statistical evidence, and to infer the causes of any event by observing its effects. It is expected that the present study will enable the legal fraternity to understand the working mechanism and various uses of Bayes’ theorem in legal context. Keywords: Application of Bayesian theorem, Bayesian Probability, Judicial decisions, Uses of Bayesian theory in judicial trials.

Toshakhana is a government-owned department administered by the cabinet division of Pakistan, has become a contentious issue in the recent decade due to the perception that it is used as a tool for corruption and for making assets by the state functionaries and also having uncertainty in its procedural laws. The masses are unlettered about the concept of Toshakhana which leads to controversies amongst the subjects of the state. The current study looked into its basic concept, regulations and procedural management. It also analyzed defects and misappropriations of valuable items by the state functionaries. Data was collected from secondary sources like existing rules, regulations, E-papers, talk shows and news on different channels and processed through qualitative research analysis. The lack of exclusive procedural laws on this subject and poor implementation of prevailing rules came out as the main conclusion and also led to drawing recommendations for adequate monitoring and management of Toshakhana.

Children, who are retained by imprisoned women (mothers), face several issues, including deprivation of their right to education. Imprisonment of women with dependent children often results in the impingement of child rights, including their right to education under Article 25(A) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. The retention of children above the age of six by imprisoned women under Pakistan Prison Rules 1978 is a violation of Article 25(A) of the constitution. The current paper analyzes the educational facilities available to the dependent children of female prisoners with reference to international standards and statutory laws. The paper adopts qualitative research design and interviews-based data obtained from women prisoners and jail authorities has been used. The study concludes that there is lack of proper mechanisms and facilities for safeguarding the educational rights of dependent children in prisons. The study has substantial implications for political, educational and administrative leadership in the Pakistani context and for leadership with similar contexts elsewhere.