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In order to identify potential genotoxicant(s) in recycled paperboard, samples were fractionated using multiple liquid/liquid extraction, and gel permeation chromatography, and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The rec-assay was used as an indicator of genotoxicity. Genotoxicants in the recycled paperboard were identified as dehydroabietic acid (DHA) and abietic acid (AA). DHA and AA were detected in two out of five virgin products, and in all seven recycled products for food-contact use. Total amounts of DHA and AA were 240 and 990 microg/g in the virgin products and 200-990 microg/g in the recycled products. A good correlation was observed in the total amount of DHA and AA content determined in paper products and DNA-damaging activity. Moreover, genotoxic effects in paper products showed a good match with standard compounds, indicating that the genotoxic effects of these paper products was mostly attributable to DHA and AA.

The structure of copper(II) complexes with ethylenediamine (en) in solution has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The measurements were performed at 25 °C for aqueous ethylenediamine solutions of copper(II) nitrate, the mole ratio (en/Cu) in the solutions being 2.09 and 5.14. In the former solution the bis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) complex was contained as the main species, while the tris(ethylenediamine)copper(II) complex was predominantly formed in the latter solution. The analysis of the X-ray scattering data of the solutions showed that in the bis-complex four nitrogen atoms of the two ethylenediamine molecules coordinated to the central metal ion at the distance of 1.93 Å in a planar form and oxygen atoms of two water molecules were located at 2.92 Å above and below the plane. Since the axial Cu–OH2 bond distance is very long, the structure of the bis-complex can be regarded as square-planar. In the tris-complex the equatorial Cu–N bond length was 1.92 Å, which was practically the same as that within the bis-complex. The axial Cu–N distance was 2.22 Å.