In this study, we present a new numbering-up metal microreactor by integrating a flow distributor and a copper catalytic module for high productivity of a commercial synthetic drug.

Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 thin films were deposited on Mo/soda-lime glass substrates by the one-stage co-evaporation process at the substrate temperatures (T sub ) from 350 • C to 550 • C. The structural and electrical properties of CIGS films have been studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Hall effect measurement. The experimental results indicate that a temperature of 450 • C is critical for CIGS films grown by the one-stage process. The (In, Ga) 2 Se 3 phase with high resistivity is found below this temperature. The higher T sub will lead to the formation of single-phase CIGS films with larger grain size and better electrical properties. A higher carrier concentration and lower resistivity of CIGS films are ascribed to sodium incorporation diffused from the glass substrate and the disappearance of the (In, Ga) 2 Se 3 phase in CIGS films. Additionally, the performance of the CIGS solar cells improves significantly with the increase of T sub . It can be attributed to the reduction of the grain-boundary recombination and the sufficient reaction between the additional (In, Ga) 2 Se 3 phase and the Cu x Se y binary phase at T sub above 500 • C.

In the scale-up of chemical production in a microfluidic system, it is challenging to prevent flow maldistribution from a single inlet into stacked multiple microchannel exits. In the present study, a compact flow distributor equipped with a fluidic damper is developed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) along with experimental validation. A microfluidic flow distributor, which is equipped with an optimized fluidic damper and consists of 25 exit channels, is fabricated as an integrated body using a digital light processing (DLP) type 3D printer. The 3D printed flow distributor with a CFD-optimized fluidic damper is found to achieve a low maldistribution factor (MF) of 2.2% for the average flow rate over 25 exit channels while inducing only a minor increment (<6%) in the pressure drop. A generalized manual is proposed for the design of optimal flow distributors with different scale-up dimensions. Using the manual, an optimal flow distributor with 625 stacked microchannels with a MF of only 1.2% is successfully designed. It is expected that the design manual and the rapid printing platform will allow the efficient development of multi-channel stacked micro-devices such as those in drug delivery and energy conversion systems where equidistribution of fluid flow is highly demanded.