The aim of this study was to optimizing the process variables, assessing the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the extracted oil from Croton macrostachyus seed by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane as a solvent. The maximum oil yield of 45.89 % extracted from Croton macrostachyus seed was obtained at a reaction temperature of 70 C, particle size of 0.5 mm, reaction time of 5 h, and solute to solvent ratio of 0.06 g/ml. The physicochemical properties of the extracted Croton macrostachyus seed oil investigated were; specific gravity of 0.9, the density of 900 kg/m 3 at 15 C, refractive index of 1.461, acid value of 3.5 mg KOH/g, and free fatty acids of 1.75 mg KOH/g, match the relevant international standards of oil quality. The qualitative test analysis of the extracted Croton macrostachyus seed oil showed that the presence of different phytochemical constituents of an antimicrobial activity were flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and phenols. The functional groups and composition of the extracted oil from Croton macrostachyus seeds were determined using FT-IR and GC-MS respectively. The results exhibited that the oil obtained from Croton macrostachyus seeds can be used for modern medicine instead of traditional purposes.

Objective In tannery processing, water consumption is high, which generates wastewater as a by-product and numerous pollutants such as chromium heavy metals that make adverse effects of water bodies and the surrounding environment. This study analyzed, chromium (VI) removal from wastewater through activated carbon chat stem was investigated. Adsorption is a common treatment method via activated carbon due to its cost-effective, profitable, and removal efficiency of these heavy metals. Results The proximate analysis of moisture content of chat stem has 6%, activated carbon ash content of 17.35%, volatile materials of 20.12%, and fixed carbon contents of 56.53%, which are well-matched the standards quality of activated carbon. As the process parameter varies, the increment of the chromium removal efficiency was from 62.5 to 97.03%. The maximum adsorption efficiency was observed at 30 g/L dosage of the adsorbent, at pH 4, and contact time at 180 min of activated carbon from chat stem waste was found 97.03%. FTIR was used to characterize the surface of the chat stem before and after adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich are used for short contact time’s adsorption isotherm 0.9839 and 0.9995 respectively, which conformed, no visible change in the corrosion state.

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Background: To control pollution, wastewater treatment from textile plays an important role in treating wastewater to meet quality standards before it is discharged into the environment. Without properly treated wastewater from the textile industry, it contains organic and inorganic pollutants that cause environmental problems such as water pollution, loss of marine life, and soil and air pollution. The aim of this study was to design and simulate a textile sewage treatment plant. Methods: This study was conducted by simulating the process and operation of a wastewater treatment plant using STOAT software. In addition, STOAT’s graphical and static data analysis models are efficient in removing multi-component pollutants from the textile industry. Results: Some pollutant parameters prior to the design model are suspended solids (SS) (260 mg/L), DS (3600 mg/L), ammonia (65 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (430 mg/L), nitrate (35 mg/L), and dissolved Oxygen (DO) (12 mg/L). The wastewater of the simulation result of the sewage treatment plant model contained SS (3.3 mg/L), ammonia (25 mg/L), BOD (4 mg/L), nitrate (61.3 mg/L), and the removal percentage of total suspended solids (TSS), BOD, and Ammonia was 99.75, 99.1, 61.33 mg/L, respectively. Through the treatment process, Ammonia was oxidized and nitrification was processed rather than denitrification. Conclusion: Using the stoat modeling software, wastewater treatment plant design is very effective in removing contaminants from textile wastewater by selecting specific parameters.