The loss of auditory sensory hair cells (HCs) is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). As the main sound transmission structure in the cochlea, it is necessary to maintain the normal shape and survival of HCs. In this review, we described and summarized the signaling pathways that regulate the development and survival of auditory HCs in SNHL. The role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Notch/Wnt/Atoh1, calcium channels, and oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways are the most relevant. The molecular interactions of these signaling pathways play an important role in the survival of HCs, which may provide a theoretical basis and possible therapeutic interventions for the treatment of hearing loss.
Objective: To evaluate horizontal semicircular canal (HSC) effects according to Ewald's law and nystagmus characteristics of horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (HSC-BPPV) in the supine roll test.Methods: Patients with HSC-BPPV (n = 72) and healthy subjects (n = 38) were enrolled. Latency, duration, and intensity of nystagmus elicited by supine roll test were recorded using video nystagmography.Results: In patients with HSC-BPPV, horizontal nystagmus could be elicited by right/left head position (positional nystagmus) and during head-turning (head-turning nystagmus), and nystagmus direction was the same as that of head turning. Mean intensity values of head-turning nystagmus in HSC-BPPV patients were (44.70 ± 18.24)°/s and (44.65 ± 19.27)°/s on the affected and unaffected sides, respectively, which was not a significant difference (p = 0.980), while those for positional nystagmus were (40.81 ± 25.56)°/s and (17.69 ± 9.31)°/s (ratio, 2.59 ± 1.98:1), respectively, representing a significant difference (p < 0.0001). There was no positional nystagmus in 49 HSC-BPPV patients after repositioning treatment, nor in the 38 healthy subjects. No significant difference in head-turning nystagmus was detected in HSC-BPPV patients with or without repositioning.Conclusions: The direction and intensity of nystagmus elicited by supine roll test in patients with HSC-BPPV, was broadly consistent with the physiological nystagmus associated with a same HSC with single factor stimulus. Our findings suggest that HSC-BPPV can be a show of Ewald's law in human body.
Creating a satisfying quantitative color scheme is challenging for both novices and experts. Geovisualization often suffers from the misuse and misunderstanding of quantitative color schemes. This article presents an adaptive method to create ready‐to‐use quantitative schemes. A probability‐based method for color selection is presented to quantify the selection of quantitative colors from learning samples of varying popularity. To shape the color transitions, a regression analysis is performed to fit the mathematical curves for the transitions of hue, saturation, and brightness. Finally, the problem of creating satisfying quantitative schemes is translated into a multiconstraint optimization problem. A discretize‐and‐filter method is also presented to solve the optimization problem of globally identifying a suitable scheme in a continuous color space. The proposed method is evaluated with a case study, and the results indicate that the proposed method can derive satisfying schemes. In addition, the proposed method is adaptive to mapping feature, target reader and target device.
Creating a satisfying qualitative color scheme from scratch may be difficult for novice mapmakers and experts. A probability-based method is proposed to identify knowledge regarding qualitative color selection from readily available color schemes and formalize the discovered knowledge to assist in color creation. An unsupervised method to extract the general trends of color selection is presented, and the issue of qualitative color selection is translated into a multi-constraint optimization problem. A feasible solution for achieving the global optimum is then provided. A probabilitybased method is also proposed to match abstract color values with specific mapping features. This proposed approach is evaluated in a case study. The results of the case study suggest that the proposed method allows users to create qualitative color schemes more efficiently and confidently. K E Y W O R D Sinteraction, kernel density estimation, map color design, multi-constraint optimization, qualitative color schema wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/col
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