PURPOSE. To develop and assess a method for quantitation of lower tear meniscus height (TMH) with the Kowa DR-1a tear interferometer. METHODS. Sixty-nine eyes of 49 men and 20 women (36 healthy volunteers, 33 patients with aqueous-deficient dry eye [ADDE]; mean age 6 SD, 50.0 6 14.0 years) were enrolled. TMH of each subject was measured by two observers both with DR-1a and newly developed software and with anterior-segment swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Intraoperator repeatability and interoperator and intersession reproducibility of measurements were assessed based on the within-subject SD (Sw), coefficient of variation (CV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement between the two devices was assessed by regression and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS. The CV for system repeatability of DR-1a was <2.0%. The CV for intraoperator repeatability and interoperator and intersession reproducibility for DR-1a measurements was 9.6%, 4.5%, and 4.4% in healthy subjects, respectively, and 16.8%, 9.8%, and 10.3% in ADDE patients. All corresponding ICC values were ‡0.87 in healthy subjects and ‡0.48 in ADDE patients. Bland-Altman plots indicated a high level of agreement between the two devices. Schirmer test value was significantly correlated with interferometric TMH in both healthy subjects (b ¼ 0.59, P < 0.001) and ADDE patients (b ¼ 0.47, P ¼ 0.017). CONCLUSIONS. Tear interferometry allows measurement of TMH as reliably as does SS-OCT. DR-1a may inform not only the diagnosis of dry eye disease but also identification of disease subtype.

Microfluidic image cytometry is developed and validated both theoretically and experimentally, which is a method for the simultaneous measurement of the number and sizes of particles flowing through a microchannel using image sequence analysis and micro particle image velocimetry technique. Theoretical considerations on image formation in this method predict the image profile of a known particle and suggest that corrections are required in particle size measurement in order to cancel the effects of both diffraction and out-of-focus location. A dilution series of 2 µm ϕ polystyrene particle suspensions were measured and compared with the results obtained by conventional Bürker–Türk hemocytometry for validation of the particle counting. For the particle diameter measurements, the diameters of 2, 5, 10 and 20 µm particles were measured and compared with the official values of the manufacturer. The results of the number and sizes of the particles measured by the proposed method agreed well with the reference values. We hope that the proposed method will be applicable to the quantitative study of platelet aggregation in blood flow and become a powerful diagnostic tool in the future.

There was a dissociation in response between flare and cells in the aqueous to intracameral endotoxin. The minimum endotoxin concentration causing inflammation ranged between 0.23 and 0.60 EU.

The aim of this study was to investigate the immune cells on corneal endothelium of the graft in patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK), Descemet-stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK), and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).Methods: A total of 43 eyes of 43 patients who underwent PK (17 eyes), DSEK (13 eyes), and DMEK (13 eyes) and who did not show any sign of graft rejection were recruited for the study. Patients who underwent cataract surgery (26 eyes) served as controls. Immune cells on the corneal endothelium were examined with laser in vivo confocal microscopy. The associations between the corneal endothelial cell density, type of keratoplasty, aqueous flare, repeated keratoplasty, and time after surgery versus the density of immune cells were investigated. Results:In vivo confocal microscopy visualized similar numbers of immune cells on the corneal endothelium in the PK, DSEK, and DMEK groups, whereas no immune cells were observed in any of the control patients. The numbers of immune cells tended to be higher in regraft eyes in the PK group (P = 0.00221) and in the DSEK group (P = 0.168) than those in the primary graft eyes. No significant association was found between the density of immune cells and corneal endothelial cell density in the PK, DSEK, and DMEK groups.Conclusions: Immune cells were observed to a similar extent in the eyes of PK, DSEK, and DMEK subjects even in the absence of any clinical sign of immune rejection. A further prospective longitudinal study will evaluate the effect of immune cells on long-term graft survival and the risk for graft rejection.