A case-control study of stomach cancer in relation to dietary, smoking, and drinking habits was undertaken in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. The study was based on 294 cases of newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the stomach at a single institution, 294 general population controls (matched by sex, age, and administrative division), and 202 hospital controls. Dietary habits were investigated based on the intake of 12 separate foods and 12 food groups in a food frequency questionnaire, together with individual food preferences. The consumption of raw vegetables was inversely related to the risk of stomach cancer, with a dose-response relation observed consistently in the comparisons with both sets of controls. Current cigarette smokers (1-29/day) had an increased risk (relative risk = 1.8, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.1-3.0) compared with nonsmokers in the general population controls, but no dose-response effect with heavier cigarette smoking. Alcohol use did not affect the risk of stomach cancer. In the multiple logistic regression, the consumption of raw vegetables showed a protective effect on stomach cancer while cigarette smoking had no significant association, in both sets of controls.

Dietary, smoking, and drinking habits, as well as sociopsychological factors and familial history, were investigated in a case-control study on the etiology of esophageal cancer (EC) in two areas of Shanxi (Yangcheng and Linfen), north central China. Data were analyzed from 326 cases and 396 controls. We identified several factors associated with high or low risk; some were common across the areas and others were area-specific. Consumption of millet gruel was associated positively with EC, in a dose-response relationship. An increase in EC risk was seen for consumption of millet soup with noodles, and also with certain sociopsychological factors, in both areas. A large increase in risk was found with consumption of boiled vegetables in Linfen, with a dose-response relationship. EC risk tended to become greater with the increasing intake of moldy foods and of pickled vegetable juice. A positive association between EC risk and family history of EC was observed only in Yangcheng. Soybean consumption was found to be associated with reduced risk. Dental hygiene (brushing teeth) was associated with reduced risk in Linfen. There was a suggestion of increased risk associated with heavy tobacco smoking, but it was not significant in either area. Alcohol consumption had a marginally significant association with risk in the high risk area, but not in Linfen.

HOSHIYAMA, Y., SEKINE, T. and SASABA, T. A Case-Control Study of Colorectal Cancer and Its Relation to Diet, Cigarettes, and Alcohol Consumption in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 1993, 171(2), 153-165 A case-control study of colorectal cancer in relation to dietary, smoking, and drinking habits was undertaken in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. The study was based on 181 newly diagnosed cases of adenocarcinoma of the colorectum at a single institution and 653 general population controls. Dietary habits were investigated on the basis of the intake of 12 foods and 12 food groups in a food intake frequency questionnaire, together with individual food preferences. Preference for salty foods was positively related to the risk of both colon and rectal cancer, and the consumption of seaweed was inversely related to these cancers, both with a dose-response relation. Cigarette smoking was inversely related to colon cancer risk, but not to rectal cancer risk. Alcohol intake tended to be associated inversely with colon cancer, but not with rectal cancer. In the multiple logistic regression, preference for salty foods (positively) and the consumption of seaweed (inversely) were independently related to both colon and rectal cancer risks,

SummaryA sight‐count method for evaluation of predation by spiders on the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps was proposed and its applicability was tested under natural conditions.The number (n) of leafhoppers preyed on by spiders per rice hill per day was estimated by the formula: urn:x-wiley:14383896:pope0187:equation:pope0187-math-0001 where F is the frequency of predation observed per hill:P is given by dividing the time spent feeding on prey by 24 hours; and C refers to the total amount of feeding activity expressed in terms of the activity during the standard time interval. The total number (N) of prey attacked during the specified period can be given as follows: urn:x-wiley:14383896:pope0187:equation:pope0187-math-0002 With this method, the role of paddy‐inhabiting spiders, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Oedothorax insecticeps, Tetragnatha spp, and Enoplognatha japonica, as predator of N. cincticeps was evaluated with reference to life tables of the prey.The advantages and limitation of the sight‐count method were discussed as compared with other methods so far proposed.

A case‐control study of stomach cancer was done in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, in relation to dietary, smoking, and drinking habits. The study was based on two sets of cases (216 male single and 35 male multiple stomach cancer cases newly diagnosed and of adenocarcinoma type), and 483 male controls derived from residents of Saitama Prefecture. Dietary habits were investigated for the intake of 12 separate foods and 12 food groups by means of a food frequency questionnaire, including individual taste preferences. Among the single stomach cancer series, dose‐response relationships were observed for 7 dietary items (preference for salty foods, miso soup, boiled fish, pickled vegetables, nuts, raw vegetables, and seaweed) in the multiple logistic regession analysis. As for the multiple stomach cancer case series, dose‐response relationships were observed for 3 dietary items (miso soup, fruits, and seaweed) in the multiple logistic regression analysis. Cigarette smoking and alcohol use were not significantly related to the risk of either single or multiple stomach cancer.