Systemic chemotherapy has shown a significant survival benefit in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is associated with various immune-related adverse events (irAEs). We report a case with grade 3 diarrhea and grade 2 colitis following systemic chemotherapy, successfully treated with prednisolone. An 89-year-old man was incidentally detected with a 140-mm hypervascular intrahepatic nodule on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). Washout of the contrast medium was also detected, and protein induced by vitamin K deficiency or antagonists-II (PIVKA-II) was elevated. Since the Albumin–Bilirubin (ALBI) grade was 2a without any distant metastasis, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed to treat the HCC, but several intrahepatic nodules were seen in both lobes. Therefore, the patient was treated with lenvatinib for 1 year and 4 months. A complete response according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria was achieved in 2 months; however, multiple hypervascular nodules were detected again. Since the ALBI grade was 1, a second round of chemotherapy with atezolizumab and bevacizumab was initiated. Although a complete response was achieved, the therapy was discontinued due to grade 3 diarrhea and grade 2 colitis after the sixth course. Based on the stool analysis and culture, CECT, and colonoscopy, the diagnosis was atezolizumab-associated colitis. Diarrhea was controlled following the oral administration of 0.5 mg/kg/day of prednisolone, and atezolizumab-bevacizumab therapy was successfully reinitiated without recurrence of colitis. The management of irAEs is important for a significant survival benefit. Systemic chemotherapy with atezolizumab and bevacizumab can be resumed despite a grade 3 irAE due to atezolizumab.

Transient to steady motions of a vapor due to evaporation and condensation processes between the plane condensed phases with temperature fields as their internal structures have been studied in detail based on the new governing system at the ordinary fluid dynamic level, i.e., fluid dynamic formulation, which consists of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations and the boundary conditions appropriate for evaporation and condensation problems derived earlier from the kinetic theory analysis. The previous studies based on the Boltzmann equation of BGK type have shown that the mass and energy flows may take their maximum values at a certain value of the latent heat parameter when the condensed phases have temperature fields as their internal structures; the internal structure is a reflection of the thermal conductivity of the condensed phase being finite compared to that of its vapor. This is a striking feature in contrast to the case in which no internal structures exist in the condensed phases. Particular attention, therefore, is paid to the quantitative aspect of this behavior of the mass and energy flows. Incidentally, the comparison between the present results and the corresponding ones from the Boltzmann equation of BGK type has been made and found to be quite good, indicating that the fluid dynamic formulation works satisfactorily in the present case with temperature fields as the internal structures of the condensed phases.

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