RationaleAppropriate ischemia models are required for successful studies of therapeutic angiogenesis. While collateral routes are known to be present within the innate vasculature, there are no reports describing the detailed vascular anatomy of the murine hindlimb. In addition, differences in the descriptions of anatomical names and locations in the literature impede understanding of the circulation and the design of hindlimb ischemia models. To understand better the collateral circulation in the whole hindlimb, clarification of all the feeding arteries of the hindlimb is required.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to reveal the detailed arterial anatomy and collateral routes in murine hindlimb to enable the appropriate design of therapeutic angiogenesis studies and to facilitate understanding of the circulation in ischemia models.Methods and ResultsArterial anatomy in the murine hindlimb was investigated by contrast-enhanced X-ray imaging and surgical dissection. The observed anatomy is shown in photographic images and in a schema. Previously unnoticed but relatively large arteries were observed in deep, cranial and lateral parts of the thigh. The data indicates that there are three collateral routes through the medial thigh, quadriceps femoris, and the biceps femoris muscles. Furthermore, anatomical variations were found at the origins of the three feeding arteries.ConclusionsThe detailed arterial anatomy of murine hindlimb and collateral routes deduced from the anatomy are described. Limitations on designs of ischemia models in view of anatomical variations are proposed. These observations will contribute to the development of animal studies of therapeutic angiogenesis using murine hindlimb ischemia models.

Immunorejection of chondrocytes in transplanted cartilage has been thought to be unlikely, but our data reveal that chondrocytes can undergo apoptosis in allotransplantation. This apoptosis involves the caspase-3 cascade and indicates that chondrocytes may induce acute rejection.

High-rate silicon epitaxial growth of 1.1 ~m/min has been achieved at a substrate temperature of 750~ by using a new source gas supply system, such as a free-jet molecular flow expanding into ultra-high vacuum. Film formation is thought to be carried out by the surface reaction of adsorbed source gas molecules, without production of microparticles by any accompanying vapor phase reaction, which would degrade film qualities. It was found that the effect of electron-hole excitation in the substrate with a xenon lamp is also involved in the high-rate growth. The newly developed system is cleaningfree, because there is no deposition of reaction by-products on the inner surface of the chamber wall.

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