Double artificial pinning centers of BaSnO 3 nanorods and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles were investigated in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 films on textured substrates prepared using ion beam assisted deposition. The BaSnO 3 and Y 2 O 3 content was varied in pulsed laser deposition. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed the systematic change in density of the BaSnO 3 nanorods and the Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles in the films. In YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 + BaSnO 3 films, maximum global pinning force (F p,max ) was improved at high magnetic fields, and F p,max was shifted to high magnetic field by the Y 2 O 3 incorporation due to an increase in density of the pinning centers. The angular dependences of critical current density (J c ) in the YBCO + BaSnO 3 films were tuned by introducing Y 2 O 3 , and some of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 + BaSnO 3 + Y 2 O 3 films exhibited isotropic J c behavior at low magnetic field. The double artificial pinning centers of BaSnO 3 nanorods and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles are effective in improving J c angular dependences, J c values at high magnetic fields, and F p,max .

The 50 kDa protein (50KP) encoded by ORF2 of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) was expressed transiently in cells of Nicotiana occidentalis and Chenopodium quinoa leaves. Its intracellular distribution, cell-to-cell trafficking in leaf epidermis and tubule formation on the surface of protoplasts were analysed. The 50KP-GFP fluorescence was distributed as small irregular spots or a fibrous network structure on the periphery of epidermal cells and protoplasts of both plant species. In leaf epidermis of N. occidentalis, the protein spread from the cells that produced it into neighbouring cells in both young and mature leaves and targetted plasmodesmata in these cells. In contrast, GFP was restricted to single cells in most cases in mature leaves. When 50KP and GFP were co-expressed in leaf epidermis of N. occidentalis, GFP spread more widely from the initial cells that produced it than when GFP was expressed alone, suggesting that 50KP facilitated the cell-to-cell trafficking of GFP. 50KP-GFP was able to complement local spread of 50KP-deficient virus when expressed transiently in leaf epidermis of C. quinoa. Expression of 50KP-GFP in protoplasts resulted in the production of tubular structures protruding from the surface. Mutational analyses showed that the C-terminal region (aa 287-457) was not essential for localization to plasmodesmata, cell-to-cell trafficking, complementation of movement of 50KP-deficient virus or tubule formation on protoplasts. In contrast, deletions in the N-terminal region resulted in the complete disruption of all these activities.

A prototype hybrid machine was manufactured by combining five-axis laminate-shaping and five-axis cutting, and a CAM was developed for additive manufacturing under simultaneous five-axis control. Using a CAD surface as a shape-model for the laminate-shaping, the reproducibility of a shape in laminate-shaping or cutting was successfully enhanced. Moreover, a combination process of laminate-shaping and cutting was successfully defined by decomposing a shape into multiple parts. The prototype machine and CAM developed were investigated in a case study, and their usability was confirmed.

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