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More than 10(4) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml of HIV are inactivated during the alcohol fractionation step from plasma to fraction (Fr)-II+III, greater than 10(4) pfu/ml is inactivated from Fr-II+III to Fr-II and greater than 10(4) pfu/ml is inactivated during the polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation process from Fr-II+III to intravenous IgG (IVIG). The total inactivation rate from plasma to IVIG via Fr-II+III or Fr-II was calculated to be greater than 10(8) or 10(12), respectively. The PEG fractionation method produces an intact and unmodified IVIG. In addition, the PEG fractionation method at a low ionic strength was found to be effective for the elimination of greater than 10(5) units of other viruses, including hepatitis B, vesicular stomatitis and Sindbis viruses.

Fluosol-DA 20%, a perfluorochemical emulsion consisting of 7 parts perfluorodecalin (FDC) and 3 parts perfluorotripropylamine (FTPA), has been used as an oxygen carrier in clinical studies. The emulsion, however, must be stored frozen because it is not stable for long in a liquid state. To increase the stability of perfluorochemical emulsions, a series of experiments on stability, elimination, and toxicity were conducted on different perfluorochemicals. F-4-Methyloctahydroquinolidizine (FMOQ) was selected as the best material. The tissue half-life of FMOQ in rats was estimated to be 7 days, which is the same as that of FDC, a perfluorochemical in Fluosol-DA 20%. FMOQ emulsified with a mixture of yolk phospholipid and Pluronic F-68 was stable at 4 degrees C for 6 months. Rats exchange-transfused to a hematocrit of 4% with this emulsion survived for 13 weeks.