Our study suggests that there are 2 types of urinary inverted papilloma. The lesions in 1 type behave in a benign fashion and in another they have malignant potential. At this time we have no strategy with which to distinguish the 2 types of urinary inverted papilloma. Our results indicate that we must follow all cases for at least more than 2 years after initial treatment.

Urethral closure mechanisms under stress conditions consist of passive urethral closure involving connective tissues, fascia and/or ligaments in the pelvis and active urethral closure mediated by hypogastric, pelvic and pudendal nerves. Furthermore, we have previously reported that the active urethral closure mechanism might be divided into two categories: (i) the central nervous control passing onto Onuf's nucleus under sneezing or coughing; and (ii) the bladder-to-urethral spinal reflex under Valsalvalike stress conditions, such as laughing, exercise or lifting heavy objects. There are over 200 million people worldwide with urinary incontinence, a condition that is associated with a significant social impact and reduced quality of life. Therefore, basic research for urinary continence mechanisms in response to different stress conditions can play an essential role in developing treatments for stress urinary incontinence. It has been clinically shown that the etiology of stress urinary incontinence is divided into urethral hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency, which could respectively correspond to passive and active urethral closure dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the representative stress urinary incontinence animal models and the methods to measure leak point pressures under stress conditions, and then highlight stress-induced urinary continence mechanisms mediated by active urethral closure mechanisms, as well as future pharmacological treatments of stress urinary incontinence. In addition, we introduce our previous reports including sex differences in urethral closure mechanisms under stress conditions and urethral compensatory mechanisms to maintain urinary continence after pudendal nerve injury in female rats.

Greater BMI significantly correlates with higher rates of BCR after surgery; BMI is a preoperative variable associated with high-grade ITV. Our results suggest that the biological environment created by greater BMI may contribute to increasing tumor aggressiveness.

BackgroundVesicourethral anastomotic stricture (VAS) is a rare but serious complication following radical prostatectomy (RP), and various types of managements for VAS have been proposed. We investigated the efficacy of transurethral balloon dilation in the management of VAS after RP.MethodsA total of 128 consecutive patients underwent open RP at our hospital between 2008 and 2013; of these, 10 patients (7.8 %) developed VAS. Transurethral balloon dilation was performed in all 10 patients, using a high pressure balloon catheter under fluoroscopic and endoscopic guidance. Follow-up endoscopy was performed, and patients in whom the stricture had recurred underwent repeat dilation. We retrospectively evaluated the management of VAS and short-term efficacy of high pressure balloon dilation.ResultsThe mean time from RP to diagnosis of VAS was 9 months (2–40 months); eight patients (80 %) were diagnosed within 6 months of RP. Balloon dilation of VAS was technically successful in all patients, and no perioperative complications were recorded. The median follow-up after balloon dilation was 24 months (7–67 months). There was no recurrence of VAS in eight patients (80 %) after the first balloon dilation, and all patients were controlled within the twice.ConclusionHigh pressure balloon dilation is a highly effective and minimally invasive procedure for treating VAS.

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) often occur concomitantly. In this study, we found that somatic (gluteus)‐to‐visceral (bladder) cross sensitization might underlie bladder hypersensitivity in patients with FMS. OBJECTIVE • To examine the correlation between muscular pain and bladder hypersensitivity in order to clarify the pathogenesis of comorbidity of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis with other chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS • Under isoflurane anaesthesia, 0.2 mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (pH 4.0) was injected into the bilateral gluteus muscles of female Sprague–Dawley rats to produce an FMS model, as the gluteus is one of the specific tender points in patients with FMS. Control rats received saline injection (0.2 mL). • The mechanical sensitivity of the plantar was evaluated using the mean number of bilateral hindlimb withdrawals in response to tactile stimulation with a 2.0‐g von Frey filament at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the HCl injection. • In a separate rat group, cystometry was performed with the rats awake during saline infusion (0.06 mL/min) into the bladder before and after 1% lidocaine injection (0.2 mL) into the bilateral gluteus 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the HCl injection. RESULTS • The mean number of hindlimb withdrawals was significantly higher in FMS rats than in controls at 1 and 2 weeks. • Using cystometry, we found that the intercontraction interval (ICI) and voided volume (VV) were significantly lower in FMS rats than in controls at 1 and 2 weeks. In addition, the voiding threshold pressure, ICI and VV were significantly higher after lidocaine injection in FMS rats, but not in controls, at 1 and 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS • HCl injection (pH 4.0) into the gluteus can induce plantar hypersensitivity and urinary frequency for up to 2 weeks after the injection, suggesting that somatic (gluteus)‐to‐visceral (bladder) cross‐sensitization might underlie bladder hypersensitivity in patients with FMS. • Moreover, intervention at specific tender points outside the bladder could be effective in treating urinary frequency because lidocaine injection into the gluteus normalized bladder function in FMS rats for up to 2 weeks.