In the framework of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), parton distribution functions (PDFs) quantify how the momentum and spin of a hadron are divided among its quark and gluon constituents. Two main approaches exist to determine PDFs. The first approach, based on QCD factorization theorems, realizes a QCD analysis of a suitable set of hard-scattering measurements, often using a variety of hadronic observables. The second approach, based on first-principle operator definitions of PDFs, uses lattice QCD to compute directly some PDF-related quantities, such as their moments. Motivated by recent progress in both approaches, in this document we present an overview of lattice-QCD and globalanalysis techniques used to determine unpolarized and polarized proton PDFs and their moments. We provide benchmark numbers to validate present and future lattice-QCD calculations and we illustrate how they could be used to reduce the PDF uncertainties in current unpolarized and polarized global analyses. This document represents a first step towards establishing a common language between the two communities, to foster dialogue and to further improve our knowledge of PDFs.The detailed understanding of the inner structure of nucleons is an active research field with phenomenological implications in high-energy, hadron, nuclear and astroparticle physics. Within quantum chromodynamics (QCD), information on this structure -specifically on how the nucleon's momentum and spin are divided among quarks and gluons -is encoded in parton distribution functions (PDFs).There exist two main methods to determine PDFs. 1 The first method is the global QCD analysis [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. It is based on QCD factorization of physical observables, i.e. the fact that a class of hard-scattering cross-sections can be expressed as a convolution between short-distance, perturbative, matrix elements and long-distance, nonperturbative, PDFs. By combining a variety of available hard-scattering experimental data with state-of-the-art perturbative calculations, complete PDF sets, including the gluon and various combinations of quark flavors, are currently determined for protons, in both the unpolarized [13][14][15][16][17] and the polarized [18][19][20][21] case.Recent progress in global QCD analyses has been driven, on the one hand, by the increasing availability of a wealth of high-precision measurements from Jefferson Lab, HERA, RHIC, the Tevatron and the LHC and, on the other hand, by the advancement in perturbative calculations of QCD and electroweak (EW) higher-order corrections. Parton distributions are now determined with unprecedented precision, in many cases at the few-percent level. A paradigmatic illustration of this progress is provided by both the unpolarized and polarized gluon PDFs, which were affected by rather large uncertainties until recently, due to the limited experimental information available. In the unpolarized case, the gluon PDF is now constrained quite accurately from small to large x thanks to the inclusion of processes such a...

Several changes in gut microbiota were associated with age and sex. Stool consistency and gut microbiota associations emphasized the importance of stool consistency assessments to understand intestinal function.

We present lattice results for the isovector unpolarized parton distribution with nonperturbative RI/MOM-scheme renormalization on the lattice. In the framework of large-momentum effective field theory (LaMET), the full Bjorken-x dependence of a momentum-dependent quasi-distribution is calculated on the lattice and matched to the ordinary lightcone parton distribution at one-loop order, with power corrections included. The important step of RI/MOM renormalization that connects the lattice and continuum matrix elements is detailed in this paper. A few consequences of the results are also addressed here.

BackgroundNK cells can destroy tumor cells without prior sensitization or immunization. Tumors often lose expression of MHC molecules and/or antigens. However, NK cells can lyse tumor cells in a non-MHC-restricted manner and independent of the expression of tumor-associated antigens. NK cells are therefore considered ideal for adoptive cancer immunotherapy; however the difficulty of obtaining large numbers of fully functional NK cells that are safe to administer deters its clinical use. This phase I clinical trial seeks to address this obstacle by first developing a novel system that expands large numbers of highly activated clinical grade NK cells, and second, determining if these cells are safe in a mono-treatment so they can be combined with other reagents in the next round of clinical trials.MethodsPatients with unresectable, locally advanced and/or metastatic digestive cancer who did not succeed with standard therapy were enrolled. NK cells were expanded ex vivo by stimulating PBMCs with OK432, IL-2, and modified FN-CH296 induced T cells. Patients were administered autologous natural killer cell three times weekly via intravenous infusions in a dose-escalating manner (dose 0.5 × 109, 1.0 × 109, 2.0 × 109 cells/injection, three patients/one cohort).ResultsTotal cell population had a median expansion of 586-fold (range 95–1102), with a significantly pure (90.96 %) NK cell population. Consequently, NK cells were expanded to approximately 4720-fold (range 1372–14,116) with cells being highly lytic in vitro and strongly expressing functional markers such as NKG2D and CD16. This NK cell therapy was very well tolerated with no severe adverse events. Although no clinical responses were observed, cytotoxicity of peripheral blood was elevated approximately twofolds up to 4 weeks post the last transfer.ConclusionWe successfully generated large numbers of activated NK cells from small quantities of blood without prior purification of the cells. We also determined that the expanded cells were safe to administer in a monotherapy and are suitable for the next round of clinical trials where their efficacy will be tested combined with other reagents.Trial Registration: UMIN UMIN000007527Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0632-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Quasi-parton distribution functions have received a lot of attentions in both perturbative QCD and lattice QCD communities in recent years because they not only carry good information on the parton distribution functions, but also could be evaluated by lattice QCD simulations. However, unlike the parton distribution functions, the quasi-parton distribution functions have perturbative ultraviolet power divergences because they are not defined by twist-2 operators. In this paper, we identify all sources of ultraviolet divergences for the quasi-parton distribution functions in coordinate-space, and demonstrate that power divergences, as well as all logarithmic divergences can be renormalized multiplicatively to all orders in QCD perturbation theory.