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We evaluated the conditions of fixation for ultrastructurally demonstrating the endogenous peroxidase (PO) activity of macrophages in biopsied human liver. The application of microwaving and immersion fixation with tannic acid and aldehydes allowed excellent visualization of PO activity in the nuclear envelope (NE), rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), and cytoplasmic granules (CG), with good preservation of cellular ultrastructures. The macrophages with PO activity showed one of the following five patterns of PO localization: positive in both the NE and rER but negative in the CG (type 1); negative in both the NE and rER but positive in the CG (type 2); negative in the NE but positive in both the rER and CG (type 3); positive in all three (type 4); PO negative (type 5). The type 1 cells resembled typical Kupffer cells, type 2 cells monocytes, and type 3 and 4 cells the exudate-resident macrophages considered to be a transitional form between exudate and resident macrophages. Type 5 cells may also be a transitional form between the exudate and resident macrophage, or an end-stage macrophage derived from exudate macrophages which have lost their PO activity. Tannic-acid-aldehyde immersion fixation with microwaving may be a useful method in the study of the PO activities of macrophages in biopsied human liver specimens.

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The spectra of two organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), where the emission layers consisted of either 4,4 0 -N,N 0 -dicarbazolylbiphenyl (CBP) doped with tris(2-phenylpyridinate) iridium(III) [Ir(ppy) 3 ] [CBP:Ir(ppy) 3 ] or CBP/CBP:Ir(ppy) 3 were compared. Both devices had an Ag film as a cathode. A subpeak appeared only for the OLED with CBP/CBP:Ir(ppy) 3 , when it was current-excited and photoexcited in the region with the Ag film. This was considered to be caused by the surface plasmon effect. Experimental results suggested that the surface plasmon enhancement of radiation was effective in an emitting material with low luminescence efficiency.