Understanding how long-term changes in climate influence populations requires knowledge of the mechanisms by which climate influences individual success and population abundance. We explored the implications of warmer falls and winters on a nonmigratory, food-caching bird, the Gray Jay (Perisoreus canadensis (L., 1766)), in Algonquin Park, Ontario, by experimentally examining the influence of temperature on the caloric content and mass of simulated cached food. Using three sites in, north of, and south of Algonquin, we examined the hypothesis that warmer temperatures would negatively influence the preservation of cached food by accelerating decay. Food cached at the highest latitude site retained the greatest mass and caloric content over 180 days of exposure, but there was no difference between the intermediate and the low latitude sites. We also show that Algonquin experienced a winter climate similar to our northernmost site as recently as 1990, and our results suggest that food availability in Algonquin has likely decreased since then, due to a warming climate. Interestingly, this coincides with a decline in territory occupancy by Gray Jays in Algonquin. Our results point to a unique mechanism by which climate warming may influence the persistence of a boreal species through its influence on winter food availability.Résumé : La compréhension de l'influence des changements climatiques à long terme sur les populations nécessite une connaissance des mécanismes par lesquels le climat influence le succès individuel et l'abondance des populations. Nous nous sommes penchés sur les conséquences d'automnes et d'hivers plus chauds sur un oiseau non migrateur qui cache sa nourriture, le mésangeai du Canada (Perisoreus canadensis (L., 1766)) dans le parc Algonquin (Ontario), en examinant de manière expérimen-tale l'influence de la température sur le contenu calorique et la masse de la nourriture cachée simulée. En nous servant de trois sites, à l'intérieur, au nord et au sud du parc, nous avons vérifié l'hypothèse voulant que des températures plus élevées aient une incidence négative sur la préservation des aliments cachés en en accélérant la décomposition. La nourriture cachée au site à la plus grande latitude conservait la plus grande masse et le plus grand contenu calorique durant 180 jours d'exposition, mais il n'y avait aucune différence entre les sites de latitudes intermédiaire et plus faible. Nous démontrons également qu'un climat semblable à celui du site le plus septentrional régnait encore au parc Algonquin en 1990, et nos résultats indiqueraient que la disponibilité de nourriture dans le parc a vraisemblablement diminué depuis en raison du réchauffement climatique. Fait à noter, cela coïncide avec une baisse de l'occupation du territoire par les mésangeais du Canada dans le parc Algonquin. Nos résultats indiquent qu'un mécanisme unique expliquerait l'influence du réchauffement climatique sur la persistance d'une espèce boréale, qui découlerait de l'influence de ce réchauffement sur la disponibilité de nourrit...
Animals that reside at high latitudes and altitudes year-round often use cached food to survive over the winter months, but a few species also rely on stored food to sustain them during the breeding season when the nutritional requirements of females are higher than normal. Gray jays Perisoreus canadensis rely on perishable cached food during the winter and females begin breeding in late winter when fresh food is rarely available. To examine pre-laying patterns of weight gain, as well as the causes and consequences of weight gain among individuals, we weighed females regularly throughout the pre-laying period. Females began increasing their weight approximately nine days prior to their fi rst egg date, and on average increased their body weight by 25%, which is on par with other bird species that rely on non-cached food. Final pre-laying weight was positively infl uenced by the percent of conifers on territories, providing some support for previous results showing that coniferous trees are better able to preserve cached food. We also found that both fi nal pre-laying weight and the rate of weight gain were positively related to female age, supporting the hypothesis that female caching ability improves with age. With increasing fi nal weight, females tended to lay larger clutches and hatched more nestlings, despite the fact that fi nal weight was not infl uenced by weight at the beginning of the weighing period. Our results confi rm that gray jays are able to reach breeding condition while relying primarily on food stored before winter, and suggest a novel mechanism by which habitat-mediated carry-over eff ects and female age may infl uence reproductive performance in a food-caching animal.
Understanding dispersal requires multiple lines of investigation, from the study of broad patterns of population connectivity to the identification of factors impacting movement at local scales. To determine the potential effects of different microhabitats on dispersal in the Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1850), we experimentally evaluated mobility, moisture loss, and habitat choice in response to five common substrates (deciduous and coniferous leaf litter, grass, moss, and sand). Specifically, we examined differences in the efficiency with which salamanders moved across substrates when motivated to move. We then quantified moisture loss in each substrate and evaluated habitat preference. Our results point to a trade-off between substrates that are easily traversed and those that offer high protection against desiccation. Habitat choice appeared to balance these two aspects of performance, with salamanders favouring a substrate that offered both low resistance to movement and high protection against desiccation. This result was context-dependent, as preferences shifted towards wetter but less easily traversed substrates when supplemental cover objects were made available. Overall, our study highlights the potential for individuals to respond to a given substrate in ways that can both facilitate and limit dispersal and thus underscores the need to consider different aspects of individual performance and behaviour when studying population connectivity.Résumé : La compréhension de la dispersion requiert une approche à plusieurs volets, de l'étude des grands motifs de connectivité des populations à la détermination des facteurs qui influencent les déplacements à l'échelle locale. Afin de déterminer les effets potentiels de différents microhabitats sur la dispersion chez la salamandre à longs doigts (Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird, 1850), nous avons évalué expérimentalement la mobilité, la perte d'humidité et le choix de l'habitat en réaction à cinq substrats courants (litières de feuillus et de conifères, herbe, mousse et sable). Plus précisément, nous avons examiné les variations de l'efficacité avec laquelle les salamandres se déplaçaient sur différents substrats quand elles étaient motivées à le faire. Nous avons ensuite quantifié la perte d'humidité dans chaque substrat et évalué les préférences en matière d'habitat. Nos résultats semblent indiquer un compromis entre les substrats qui sont faciles à traverser et ceux qui offrent une bonne protection contre la dessiccation. Le choix de l'habitat semblait reposer sur un équilibre entre ces deux aspects de la performance, les salamandres privilégiant un substrat qui offrait tant une faible résistance au déplacement qu'une bonne protection contre la dessiccation. Ce résultat dépend du contexte, la préférence allant à des substrats plus humides, mais moins faciles à traverser quand des objets offrant un couvert additionnel étaient fournis. Globalement, l'étude fait ressortir le potentiel des individus de réagir à un substrat donné de manière aus...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.