While institutional logics and organizational identity become effective theoretical lenses to analyze hybrid organizations, the literature often focuses on tensions between multiple logics or multiple identities and remains relatively silent regarding how logics and identities simultaneously constrain organizations and how organizations respond to incompatibilities as well as compatibilities between logic and identity. To address this gap, the present study draws from burgeoning research that theorizes identity as an integral part of the mechanism from which logics shape organizational decision making. I examined how social-welfare/commercial logics and social/businesslike identities directly and indirectly shape 138 organizations’ practices of venture philanthropy—a hybrid approach combining philanthropy and venture capitalism. The findings confirm identity’s overall mediating effects and offer new theoretical insights into organizational responses to logic–identity incompatibility, especially the dominant role of social identity in consistently suppressing external pressures from commercial logic, whereas businesslike identity overcomes social-welfare logic only associated with the nonprofit status.

To address the call for examination of academic and professional approaches to arts entrepreneurship, we summarize the academic arts entrepreneurship programs in the State of North Carolina and conduct a pilot study with data gathered from arts entrepreneurs who attended the 5 th annual Southern Entrepreneurship in the Arts Conference in Greensboro, North Carolina. Our review of the descriptive data reveals that arts entrepreneurs face a variety of needs and challenges, which are psychological (e.g., peer support) as well as technical (e.g., start-up skills). These findings suggest that, as prior literature stresses, arts entrepreneurship education programs should entail both the "entrepreneurship mindset" aspect and the "venture creation" aspect, so we advocate a holistic approach that combines both these perspectives with other related courses. We conclude, based on our exploratory study, that collaborative and flexible approaches, such as cross-

The enactment of the Law to Promote Specifi ed Nonprofi t Activities in 1998 has resulted not only in a rapid increase in the number of specifi ed nonprofi t corporations (NPO corporations) but also in an urgent need for effective fundraising in Japan. Despite Japan ' s long and rich tradition of philanthropy and a serious need for fundraising, very

This article argues that current democracy promotion strategies relying on rightsclaiming advocacy NGOs are falling short of their democratization goals, as authoritarian regimes are closing the space through restrictions on the NGOs that attempt to carry them out. In response, we suggest a reexamination of earlier approaches to involving civil society in democratization efforts by shifting the focus back on service-providing civil society organizations that have largely become sidelined in democracy-building agendas. Specifically, service providers tend to be more capable of functioning "under the radar" thus contributing to democracy in both direct and indirect ways, and thus escaping closing space restrictions. The key concerns about their independence from the state, as well as under what conditions the state may be less successful in coopting the independent service-providers, however, remain unresolved and warrant future research.

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