Pendahuluan: Apoteker mempunyai peranan dalam pemusnahan obat diantaranya adalah melakukan pemusnahan obat dengan tepat di pelayanan kefarmasian dan mengedukasi masyarakat terkait dengan pemusnahan obat yang benar. Pemusnahan obat yang dilakukan dengan metode yang tidak tepat dapat menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan serta kerugian klinis bagi masyarakat. Apoteker diharapkan memiliki pengetahuan yang baik dan tepat dalam melakukan pemusnahan obat dan mengedukasi masyarakat terkait pemusnahan obat. Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan apoteker dengan ketepatan pemusnahan obat sisa, obat rusak dan obat kedaluarsa di apotek Malang Raya. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian adalah Apoteker di Apotek Malang Raya yang dipilih dengan menggunakan tehnik convenient sampling. Sampel yang digunakan yakni sebanyak 106 responden. Terdapat 2 macam kuesioner yaitu kuesioner pengetahuan dan ketepatan Apoteker dalam memusnahkan obat sisa, obat rusak dan obat kadularsa yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Uji korelasi yang digunakan dalam penelitioan ini adalah uji Rank Spearman. Hasil: Dari 106 responden, 59% responden memiliki kategori tingkat pengetahuan “baik” dan 10% responden dikatakan “tepat” dalam pemusnahan obat. Dari uji korelasi diketahui bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara tingkat pengetahuan dan ketepatan Apoteker dalam pemusnahan obat (p = 0,522). Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar apoteker yang berpraktik di apotek wilayah Malang Raya memiliki pengetahuan baik mengenai pemusnahan obat sisa, obat rusak dan obat kedaluwarsa. Meskipun demikian, sebagian besar apoteker masih tidak tepat dalam memusnahkan obat sisa, rusak, dan kedaluwarsa, sehingga hasil uji korelasi antara pengetahuan dan ketepatan tersebut tidak berhubungan secara signifikan.

ABSTRAKRadiasi sinar ultraviolet matahari dapat menyebabkan berbagai permasalahan pada kulit. Untuk mengatasinya perlu adanya perawatan menggunakan kosmetik, salah satunya yaitu krim pemutih wajah (Whitening Cream). Merkuri merupakan salah satu bahan aktif yang sering direkomendasikan karena ion merkuri dianggap dapat menghambat sintesis melamin pigmen kulit di sel melanosit. Menurut Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia nomor HK.03.01.23.07.11.6662 tahun 2011 persyaratan logam berat jenis merkuri (Hg) adalah tidak lebih dari 1 mg/kg atau 1 mg/L (1ppm).Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar merkuri pada produk kosmetik krim pemutih yang tidak memiliki nomor registrasi BPOM dan yang memiliki nomor registrasi BPOM yang beredar di pasaran. Serta untuk mengetahui bahwa sediaan kosmetik krim pemutih wajah yang beredar di pasaran telah memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan BPOM. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 18 sampel dengan kriteria 9 krim pemutih yang tidak memiliki nomor registrasi BPOM dan 9 krim pemutih yang memiliki nomor registrasi BPOM. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisa kualitatif menggunakan metode pereaksi warna dengan Kalium Iodida dan analisa kuantitatif dengan metode spektrofotometri serapan atom. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 2 dari 18 sampel mengandung merkuri. Berdasarkan uji kuantitatif menunjukkan kadar merkuri pada produk krim pemutih yangmemiliki nomor registrasi BPOM dengan varian A1 sebesar 224,04 ± 0,35 mg/kg, dan untuk varian A2 adalah 188,20 ± 0,28 mg/kg. Sehingga tidak semua kosmetik krim pemutih wajah yang beredar dipasaran memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan oleh BPOM.Kata Kunci: BPOM, Krim Pemutih, MerkuriABSTRACTRadiation of sun's ultraviolet can cause skin problems. To overcome this problem should has cosmetic treatments using one of these is whitening cream. Mercury is the one of active ingredient who has often add inthe whitening cream because mercury’s ion considered to inhibit the synthesis melanin pigment of the skin in the melanocyte cells. According to the Regulation Agency of Drug and Food of the Republic Indonesia with No. HK. 03.01.23.07.11.6662. 2011, requirements metal usage types of mercury (Hg) is not more than 1 mg/kg or 1 mg/L (1 ppm). The purpose of this study was to determine differences mercury levels in whitening creams cosmetic which products didn’t have a registration number and products which have a registration number BPOM among in the market. And to know that all whitening cream cosmetic among the market has fullfield requirements established by BPOM. Sample use in this study was 18 samples which 9 sample didn’t have a registration number from BPOM and 9 among them have a registration number from BPOM. Analysis method used in this study is qualitative analysis using reaction color with Potassium Iodide and quantitative analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that 2 of the 18 samples contained mercury more than what it should. Based of the quantitative analysis shows that there are has differences mercury levelsfrom whitening cream product which has the registration number of BPOM with sample A1 variant is 224.04 ± 0.35 mg / kg, and for the A2 variant is 188.20 ± 0.28 mg / kg. Not all whitening cream cosmetic among the market has fullfield requirements established by BPOM.Keywords: BPOM, mercury, whitening cream.

The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum composition of solid lipid and liquid lipid in order to increase the penetration and effectiveness of Q10 as antioxidant in anti-aging cosmetics. Solid lipid and liquid lipid used in this study were cetyl palmitate and caprylic, which were combined to four (4) different ratios, namely 10:0; 9:1; 7:3 and 5:5. NLC Q10 in this study was produced by high shear homogenization method at 3400 rpm for 5 cycles and at 24000 for 1 cycle. The fourth formula was evaluated in term of characteristics, penetration and effectiveness. From the pH test , it was known that all formulas met the skin pH range (4.0-6.0). For the particle size test , all formulas (NLC 1 - NLC 4) were in the range from 269.13 to 354.77 nm with NLC 3 (7: 3) had the smallest particle size. The results of viscosity and surface tension test were also consistent with the theory, where the addition of liquid lipid reduced viscosity and surface tension of the system. The entrapment efficiency (EE) demonstrated the EE of NLC 1: 22.24%; NLC 2: 24.71%; NLC 3: 58.21% and NLC 4:36.94%. The penetration test showed all systems were able to penetrate the dermis layer at the 5th hour. NLC 3 (7:3) had more rapid onset, while the NLC Q10 with the ratio of lipid 9:1, had slower onset of action but can penetrate farther than the other NLC Q10 system. The result of Q10 effectiveness test showed NLC 2 (9:1) has lowest total macrophage (23.33) and very dense collagen observation (score : 4). From this research, it can be concluded that NLC 2 (9:1) had the most optimal lipid composition to increase the penetration and effectiveness of Q10 as an antioxidant in anti-aging cosmetics.

Problems that often arose as a result of improper management of unused, damaged, and expired drugs in storage and disposal, include drug abused, increased environmental damage, antibiotic resistance, and decrease effectiveness of therapy; due to the lack of public knowledge that can caused by several factors. This study aims to analyse factor associated with level knowledge in the management of unused, damaged, and expired drugs in Malang Raya. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The subjects were the people of Malang Raya who were selected using a convenience sampling technique in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were 322 respondents. The instrument used was a questionnaire to measure the level of knowledge of respondents that had been tested for validity and reliability. The results showed that, level of knowledge of respondence at Malang Raya in the management of unused, damage and expired drugs in the good (21%), sufficient (58%), and less (21%). Statistical tests used in this study were Somers'd, Kruskal-wallis, and Lambda tests to analysed factor associated with subjects’ level of knowledge in the management of unused, damaged, and expired drugs. There were a significant relationship in factors included age (p = 0.018) and income level (p = 0.003). It can be concluded that among the factors associated with  the level of knowledge in the management of unused, damaged, and expired drugs, only age and income level were statistically significant. Further study is needed to determine the factors affecting the level of knowledge the most.

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