Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the modal shift of passengers by analyzing their preferences. If the preferences of passengers are known it is possible to build up mathematically their utility function. This is the statistically correct way to simulate the modal shift of the investigated area. To capture the preferences of passengers stated preference method was used in online questionnaire. Five key factors were identified (from the point of passengers): travel cost, travel time, comfort, safety and environmental efficiency. In order to decrease the number of questions three levels were predefined these three questions made the base of the choice model. Every replier got three alternatives and they were told to choose the best for themselves. From the results of the questionnaire the formulas and the parameters of the mode choice utility function was derived. With the help of statistical sample an exponential utility function showed the best matching. For the validation process a probability model was set up to be compared to the proportions of the utilities. With this utility function it is possible to handle the changes in possible future transport services. Based on the introduced statistical approach the described method can be used to identify the effect of transport modes on regional development and tourism. The revealed utility function can help to develop proper regional development plans.

Hungary as the part of the European Union has to deal with the reduction of CO 2 level. Reaching the 2050 target requires to examine and develop every sector of the emission. Transport has a dynamic and significant part in CO 2 emission but generally policymakers do not have the courage to change significantly the modal shift by political decisions because of their popularity. Transport investments are generally long-term investments that show a return in around 30 years. ForFITS is a software tool for policymakers to simulate the effects of different transport scenarios and gives outputs about the transport activity, energy consumption and emission of the next 30 years. Hungary take its' part of the UNDA project as being one of the pilot countries of using ForFITS. After the collection of data different scenarios were made. The aim of this study is to present the most realistic scenario for Hungary especially in the case of passenger transport.

Abstract. In the paper, possible pricing structures of flexible transport systems have been investigated. After a brief introduction into demand responsive systems, the currently used pricing systems have been analysed. Having reviewed the conventional pricing methodologies -in line with the average cost and marginal cost based methods -the advantages and the disadvantages of particular systems are presented. What is more, that traditional pricing theory enabled to order costs of flexible transportation systems only approximately to passengers in proportion to their demanded transportation performance, thus traditional pricing framework is not able to fully meet the principle of fairness. For reaching the highest level of fairness loops a fictive unit of individual trips is introduced as the base of pricing. When applying individual loops is gives a unique approach to describe unit cost of the operators especially considering that empty runs are taken into account in a fair way. Beside fairness, it is also an essential objective to represent economies of scale and the preference of early bookings in the pricing methodology. Accordingly, the below presented 'mixed price system' had good results in the reduction of average fares related to new travellers and also in the improvement of attraction related to 'early birds' . Therefore, the goal of this research was to define the direction and the aspects of the development process related to the pricing methods of flexible transportation.

Flexible Transport Systems are becoming more and more popular in the sector of public transportation. The reason for this is mainly the economic sustainability of these systems which is reached by minimising the empty routes and using the capacities in a highly effective way. FTS systems use modern minibuses which have better conditions in emission and environmental pollution than the old vehicles of operating Hungarian public transport services. The aim of this study is to examine the opportunities of pricing regimes used in FTS systems. Firstly the conventional pricing methods such as average pricing will be reviewed than the new systems such as and marginal cost based pricing. Later on their mixing is going to be analysed. In the study the structure of FTSs were similar to "dial-a-ride" systems which aimed to handle the highest level of flexibility.