AbsztraktA térdízületi artrózis sebészi kezelésében alkalmazott térdízületiprotézis-beültetések száma világszerte növekv tendenciát mutat. Az 1990-es évekt l Magyarországon is egyre nagyobb számban végezzük a térdízületi ízfelszínek pótlását. Kezdetben inkább részleges pótlást végez-tünk, majd egyre inkább a teljes, ún. totál endoprotézis-beültetés került el térbe, napjainkban is ez az els dlegesen alkalmazott eljárás. A protézisek várható élettartama 15-20 év. Ahogy növek-szik az ilyen m tétek száma, az id el rehaladtával egyre több revízióra van szükség. A revíziós m tétek sebészileg mindig nehezebbek az els dleges m téteknél, eredményeikben pedig gyakran elmaradnak a primer m tétekét l, köszönhet en annak is, hogy a m tét során egyre több kompromisszumra kényszerül az operációt végz sebész. A revíziók nagy része során alkalmazott implantátumok mozgásszabadsága kisebb, mint a primer m tétek során alkalmazott modelleké, zsanéros jellegük -kényszerpályán történ mozgásuk -miatt. A legjobb eredmény akkor várható, ha a revízió során is lehet ség van non-constrained típus beültetésére. Legtöbbször hátsó stabilizálással ellátott, semiconstrained típusok kerülnek alkalmazásra, míg vannak esetek, amikor a biomechanikailag legkedvez tlenebb tulajdonságú constrained protézisek használata elkerülhe-tetlen. A szerz k áttekintik a revíziók során választható protézistípusokat, különös tekintettel a zsanéros protézisek m ködésére és biomechanikai tulajdonságaira. Kulcsszavak: térdprotézis-revízió, zsanéros protézis The Biomechanics of the Hinged Knee Prostheses AbstractThe number of knee arthroplasty surgery for the treatment of sever knee osteoarthritis is increasing worldwide. Since the 90's the same tendency can be seen in Hungary as well. In the beginning mostly unicondylar knee arthroplasty was performed, but nowadays total knee arthroplasty is more dominant. Even today the expectable lifetime of prostheses is around 15-20 years. Due to the fact that the number of these surgical procedures are rapidly growing, more and more revision surgery is required. These surgeries are always more complicated than the primary procedures, often giving moderate results and the surgeon frequently is forced to make more compromises. The mostly used revision implants have decreased range of motion due to their semiconstrained or constrained character. The best result can be expected if the revision is possible with a non-constrained type of implant. During most of these surgeries semiconstrained implants are used, but occasionally the use of constrained prostheses is necessary, which have the most disadvantageous characters. The authors review the types of prostheses used in revision surgeries, especially the functional and biomechanical characters of the constrained prostheses.

<p>Forested riparian areas are valuable because they are rich in biodiversity and more productive than their adjacent upland areas, but they could be threatened by drought. The groundwater level of the riparian zone is an important parameter to quantify the forest hydrological processes thus for their survival. This study examines the influence of riparian zone groundwater level dynamics on the water balance of an alder forest. </p><p>Our research area is a streamside alder ecosystem at the eastern foothills of the Alps, in Hidegvíz Valley (Hungary) experimental catchment. We analysed the water table dynamics in the period 2017-2022 using seven manually detected groundwater wells data. In the case of a selected well, we measured groundwater levels using an automatic pressure probe with high frequency. The related meteorological parameters were also collected in the immediate vicinity of the area.</p><p>Using manually measured groundwater level data we found that in summer dry periods streamside water table fall below the level of the streambed causing the stream status changes from effluent to influent. </p><p>Using high frequency water table data we analysed groundwater temporal dynamic and relationship with other environmental parameters seasonally. According to our calculations alder forest ecosystem groundwater transpiration is great in hot rainless periods. As a conclusion these riparian forest types can be characterised as a vulnerable ecosystem  in the changing climate because long dry periods will become more and more common in the future.</p><p>Acknowledgement: This article was made in frame of the project TKP2021-NKTA-43 which has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary (successor: Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary) from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021-NKTA funding scheme.</p>

<p>Eco-hydrology of hydrophyte forests and wet meadows are very important question in changing climate. Hydrological extremes can cause in these habitats droughts, intense rainfall events and floods. In this study, we investigated a riparian alder forest and its edge, and a neighbouring meadow in Hidegvíz Valley experimental catchment to compare different surface cover type hydrological and botanical characteristics. The research has conducted in 2018-2019 hydrological year.<br>Throughout the botanical study, a list has been made of the various plant species – trees, bushes, and herbs - of the elder woodland and its edge, and the grassland, in each vegetation period. The classifications of the habitats were made by the Á-NÉR system, which is a Hungarian classification system for Hungarian habitats.<br>The hydrological research was focused on three important factors in the one-year period: precipitation, the changes of the groundwater levels, and the soil moisture values. We summarised the monthly data, and from all this, we calculated an annual water balance graph. This graph showed us a correlation between hydrological extremes and soil moisture value changes.<br>The research was supported by the “EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00018 – Improving the role of research+development+innovation in the higher education through institutional developments assisting intelligent specialization in Sopron and Szombathely” project.</p>

<p>In the Hidegvíz Valley experimental catchment in Hungary the meteorological data have been collected since the 1990s and used for various purposes including hydrological studies. Current research began in 2018–19, that aimed to reveal the connections between the hydrological and botanical characteristics in riparian forests and a wet meadow. Changes that occurred in both ecosystems in the groundwater levels, soil moisture and vegetation, showed that the local meteorological events influence these factors. Therefore we decided to analyse longer periods in which meteorological extremes<br>strongly influenced hydrological conditions and so status of ecosystems. Further measurements and their analysis were also required because more accuracy and detail were needed for future water balance modelling.</p><p>The measured data between 2017–2020 were chosen as a starting database. For the first analysis we selected three meteorological parameters, i. e. the precipitation, the air temperature, and the air humidity. These parameters were measured by automated instruments, except for the precipitation. We found that the automated tipping-bucket rain gauge needs validation by a manual measurement (Hellmann-type rain gauge), because the data that collected by the automated device will be invalid if the rain intensity is too high.</p><p>In 2017 and 2018, the annual precipitation was distributed evenly, but in the following two years we observed some extremes. In 2019 and<br>2020, the spring was especially dry, the lowest monthly sum was 1.2 mm in 2020 April. 2019 April was similar (19.5 mm), but after the drought<br>period intense rainfall events arrived in May, resulted a monthly total of 214.1 mm. Air temperature and air humidity has not been showed such extremes as the precipitation.</p><p>This study showed that detailed analysis of meteorological parameters is crucial for hydrological modelling data preparation because errors and extreme event can cause serious problems during modelling process and, also in case of evaluation of model results.</p><p>The research has been supported by the Ministry of Agriculture in Hungary.</p>

A geoturizmus mind hazánkban, mind világviszonylatban dinamikusan fejlődő jelenség, amely gyakran a tematikus bemutatóhelyekhez, geoparkokhoz köthető. A már meglévő turizmusformákhoz képest a geoturizmus újdonságértéke a földtudományos bázison nyugvó, azonban mégis komplex, a geológia és az arra épülő élő-, valamint épített környezet összefüggéseit egyaránt vizsgáló szemlélet, ahol földtudományi értékeink védelme kap elsődleges fontosságot. Hazánk két UNESCO Globális Geoparkjának közel tíz éve tartó működése mérhető pozitív változásokat eredményezett az érintett területek látogatottságában. Félő azonban, hogy az UNESCO rangot elérni nem, vagy csak nehezen tudó, de megismerésre és védelemre méltó értékekkel rendelkező tájaink földtudományiés kultúrtörténeti kincsei – a védettségüket garantáló kategória nélkül – rejtve maradnak. A Magyar Geopark Bizottság által kidolgozott Nemzeti Geopark Koncepció a fenti problémát hivatott orvosolni. Geotourism is a dynamically developing phenomenon both in Hungary and in the world. This form of tourism is often related to geoparks. Compared to existing forms of tourism, the novelty of geotourism is its earth science basis, together with the complex approach which involves the studying of our living and built environment, although the protection of our geological values is of primary importance. The ten year duration of two UNESCO Global Geoparks in Hungary has produced measurably positive changes in the number of visitors. However, it is feared that the geological and cultural values of our other geographical areas will remain hidden without the protection guaranteed by a category system. Specifically, achieving the UNESCO Global Geopark title is relatively difficult, especially for territories lacking the potential for the application procedure. However, the National Geopark Concept developed by the Hungarian Geopark Committee is intended to solve this problem.