Maize (Zea mays) is considered one of the most important crops for world food security. Globally, Brazil is the second largest maize producer and the fourth largest maize consumer. The climate variables is one of the main determining factors for crop yield. Given the possibility of future climate changes, our objective was to evaluate the impact of climate change on maize crop growth and development, assessed strategies to cope with the future crop and to quantify the impacts on various producing regions of Brazil.The DSSAT/CERES-Maize model was calibrated with field data and then used to simulate current and six future climate scenarios, according to the AgMIP protocols. We selected three regional climate AGROMETEOROLOGY -Article circulation models (GCMs) and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for the period of 2040-2069. For most of the producing regions, the simulations showed a decreasing trend during both the summer and autumn sowing seasons, except the autumn crops in Southern Brazil. We found the air temperature rise as the main factor for yield decreasing, and this finding provides an adaptation option to cope with future climate, as the country has a great latitudinal range for crop management, meaning genotypes with extended cycles could compensate the climate change, and thereby avoid the yield loss for maize crops.
SUMMARYDue to the lack of basic information on water required by maize (Zea mays L.) in Brazil, the large amount of water applied usually exceeds crop requirements, wasting water and energy. In this study, we measured crop evapotranspiration (ETc) as evaporative heat flux from a centre pivot-irrigated maize plantation in Southern Brazil during winter and summer seasons, using the Bowen ratio method to evaluate how the degree of canopy-atmosphere coupling affects crop water needs and irrigation management. Irrigation requirements were determined by comparing ETc with reference evapotranspiration (ETo), derived from the Penman–Monteith equation and expressed as the ETc/ETo (Kc) ratio. In this study, the average Kc values obtained were 1.31 and 0.90 for the winter and summer, respectively. Using aerodynamic and canopy resistance measurements, the decoupling factor (Ω) was computed. Ω values tending to zero (0.09 and 0.20 for winter and summer, respectively) showed that strong coupling of maize plants to the atmosphere and sensitivity to high air temperatures, vapour pressure deficits and wind speed caused variations in Kc in relation to ETo ranges. During the experimental period, the Kc value ranged from 0.92 when the ETo exceeded 4 mm d−1 to 1.64 when the ETo was less than 2 mm d−1.
O milho é considerado uma das culturas mais cultivadas mundialmente porem, rendimento da cultura depende da relação intrínseca estabelecida entre a planta e o ambiente em que se encontra, sendo o acoplamento responsável pela intensidade do fluxo de massa e energia entre a interação planta-atmosfera. Objetivou-se analisar a variação do acoplamento (Ω) de milho cultivado no verão e outono a fim de compreender a interação existente entre vegetação-atmosfera. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, o primeiro na época do outono e os segundos no verão, ambos instalados no município de Piracicaba-SP. O fator de acoplamento (Ω) foi calculado pela equação proposta por McNaughton e Jarvis (1983) e os dados de transpiração para o período do outono foram estimados por meio do modelo CERES-MAIZE. Verificou-se acoplamento da vegetação com a atmosfera na safra de outono devido à ação conjunta entre os componentes aerodinâmicos e radiativos no controle da troca de vapor de água com a atmosfera; na safra de verão houve desacoplamento devido à ocorrência de temperaturas elevadas, o que favoreceu as atividades metabólicas da planta. Concluiu-se que na safra de outono, o acoplamento das plantas de milho com a atmosfera ocorreu com o aumento da velocidade do vento, redução da resistência aerodinâmica e da camada limite foliar, com queda na transpiração; temperaturas entre 25 a 30 °C favoreceram o desacoplamento das plantas de milho com a atmosfera, na safra de verão. Palavras-chave: transpiração, ceres-maize, estômatos. Atmosphere plant-coupling scheme in corn harvest in two times A B S T R A C T Maize is considered to be one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, crop yield depends on the intrinsic relationship established between the plant and the environment in which it is found, and coupling is responsible for the intensity of mass and energy flux between the plant-atmosphere interaction. The objective of this study was to analyze the coupling variation (Ω) of maize grown in summer and autumn in order to understand the interaction between vegetation and atmosphere. Two experiments were conducted, the first in the fall season and the second in the summer, both installed in the municipality of Piracicaba-SP. The coupling factor (Ω) was calculated by the equation proposed by McNaughton and Jarvis (1983) and the transpiration data for the autumn period were estimated using the CERES-MAIZE model. It was verified the coupling of the vegetation with the atmosphere in the fall harvest due to the joint action between aerodynamic and radiative components in the control of the exchange of water vapor with the atmosphere; In the summer crop there was decoupling due to the occurrence of high temperatures, which favored the metabolic activities of the plant. It was concluded that in the autumn harvest the coupling of corn plants with the atmosphere occurred with the increase of wind speed, reduction of aerodynamic resistance and leaf boundary layer, with decrease in transpiration; Temperatures between 25 and 30 ° C favored the decoupling of corn...
Atualmente existem dezenas de doenças foliares que têm causado perdas significativas na cultura do milho. Entre elas, destacam-se a cercosporiose e a mancha branca. O presente trabalho teve, pois, como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de um fungicida, que possui como princípio ativo o mancozebe, na produtividade de híbridos de milho, e verificar a sua eficiência no controle das doenças foliares cercosporiose e mancha branca. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2011/2012, na fazenda experimental do IFSULDEMINAS - Câmpus Inconfidentes. Para a realização do trabalho foram utilizados híbridos selecionados de acordo com os níveis de resistência às doenças. O delineamento foi feito em blocos casualizados, com três repetições em esquema fatorial, no qual foram avaliados 8 (híbridos) x 3 aplicações do fungicida. Foram realizadas sete avaliações visuais da severidade das doenças a partir dos 90 dias após a emergência, por meio de escala de notas variando de 1 (altamente resistente) a 9 (altamente suscetível). Os grãos foram colhidos para a obtenção da produtividade dos híbridos, e a umidade foi ajustada para 13%. A aplicação do fungicida foi eficiente no controle das doenças mancha branca e cercosporiose, no entanto, não aumentou a produtividade de grãos dos híbridos utilizados neste experimento. A aplicação do fungicida no estádio V6 e no pré-pendoamento das plantas de milho foi mais eficiente.
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