Cyathin A(3), produced by the fungus Cyathus helenae, is a member of the cyathane family of diterpene natural products. While many of the cyathanes display antibacterial/antimicrobial activity or have cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, their most exciting therapeutic potential is derived from their ability to induce nerve growth factor (NGF) release from glial cells, making the cyathanes attractive lead molecules for the development of neuroprotective therapeutics to prevent/treat Alzheimer's disease. To investigate if cyathin A(3) has NGF-inducing activity, we set out to obtain it using published C. helenae bench-scale fungal fermentations. However, to overcome nonproducing fermentations, we developed an alternative, bacteria-induced static batch fermentation approach to the production of cyathin A(3), as described in this report. HPLC, UV absorption spectra, and mass spectrometry identify cyathin A(3) in fungal fermentations induced by the timely addition of Escherichia coli K12 or Bacillus megabacterium. Pre-filtration of the bacterial culture abolishes cyathin A(3) induction, suggesting that bacteria-associated media changes or physical interaction between the fungus and bacteria underlie the induction mechanism. Through alteration of incubation conditions, including agitation, the timing of induction, and media composition, we optimized the fermentation to yield nearly 1 mg cyathin A(3)/ml media, a sixfold increase over previously described yields. Additionally, by comparison of fermentation profiles, we reveal that cyathin A(3) biosynthesis is regulated by carbon catabolite repression. We have used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to illustrate that cyathin A(3) induces NGF release from cultured glial cells, and therefore cyathin A(3) warrants further examination in the development of neuroprotective therapeutics.
VARGAS, Tatiana; Gajardo, Tania: "Torturas y apremios ilegítimos en contra de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Una propuesta desde un sistema diferenciado de protección penal".
Este trabajo trata acerca de las interpretaciones del elemento normativo “entrada ilegal” en el medianamente “nuevo” delito de tráfico ilícito de migrantes. Este tipo se incorporó al Código Penal chileno en 2011 tras la suscripción de la Convención de Palermo y sus protocolos. Uno de los problemas que presenta la figura es la descripción de la conducta a través de verbos rectores (promover o facilitar) con referencia a la entrada ilegal. No solo falta definir qué configura semejante entrada, sino que tampoco hay claridad sobre su exigencia, lo que repercute en la clase de delito que se trata, el lugar de comisión e incluso la participación. Por la relevancia y las dificultades de este elemento normativo, se tratan las principales interpretaciones sostenidas tanto en la jurisprudencia como en la doctrina nacional. Las distintas tesis parecen obedecer a la ambigüedad que reina acerca del bien jurídico. Aquí se postula una interpretación amplia de la entrada ilegal, coherente con la disposición legal vigente y consecuente con la tutela del control de flujos migratorios. Se incluye un excurso dedicado al proyecto de Ley de Migraciones actualmente en trámite en el Congreso Nacional, disposiciones a las que en el futuro deberá remitirse quien interprete este elemento normativo.
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