3D printing is used to produce individual objects or to print on different substrates to produce multi-component products. In the textile industry, we encounter various 3D printing technologies in fashion design, functional apparel manufacturing (protective, military, sports, etc.), including wearable electronics, where textile material is functionalized. 3D printing enables the personalization of the product, which in the apparel industry can be transformed into the production of clothing or parts of clothing or custom accessories. Additive technology allows a more rational use of the material than traditional technologies. In the textile industry we meet different uses of it, one is the printing of flexible structures based on rigid materials, another is the printing with flexible materials and the third is the printing directly on textile substrate. All rigid, hard and soft or flexible materials can be integrated into the final design using 3D printing directly on the textile substrate. We speak of so-called multi-material objects and systems, which have many advantages, mainly in the increasing customization and functionalization of textiles or clothing. The article gives a broader overview of 3D printing on textiles and focuses mainly on the influence of different parameters of printing and woven fabric properties on the adhesion of 3D printed objects on the textile substrate. In our research we investigated the influence of twill weave and its derivate as well as different weft densities of the woven fabric on the adhesion of printed objects on textile substrate. Therefore, five samples of twill polyester/cotton fabrics were woven and their physical properties measured for this research. 3D objects were printed on textile substrates using the extrusion based additive manufacturing technique with polylactic acid (PLA) filament. Preliminary tests were carried out to define printing parameters and different methods of attaching the fabric to a printing bed were tested. T - Peel adhesion tests were performed on the Instron dynamometer to measure the adhesion between 3D printed objects and textile substrates.

The paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of the FormaViva collection of wooden sculptures exhibited outdoors in a natural environment near the Božidar Jakac Art Museum in Kostanjevica na Krki in Slovenia. The study focuses on 3D graphic representations of sculptures created with photogrammetry and 3D modelling. The results are photorealistic renderings, interactive presentations, 3D printed reproductions, jewellery, and interpretive animations. The research results show that graphic documentation techniques on 3D models allow for a more detailed investigation of the original structural identity of the sculpture. By incorporating 3D and interactive technologies, we are expanding the usability of cultural heritage objects. By using interpretive techniques that have led to jewellery and interpretive animations in our research, we not only breathe new life into the sculptures, but also enrich the stories of the sculptures with our own experiences of the sculptural work.

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Namen raziskave je bila analiza vpliva priprave tekstur za 3D vizualizacijo poroznosti tkanin, in sicer vrednotenje vpliva osvetlitve tkanine pri zajemu slik in način določanja praga histograma vzorcev za pripravo map poroznosti. Vpeljan je bil delokrog za vizualizacijo poroznih tekstilnih struktur, ki vključuje slikovne informacije in slikovno analizo teh za pridobivanje točnejših podatkov o porah. Izbrana je bila tkanina, iz katere so narejeni »rokavci«, ki so del gorenjske ljudske noše. Tkanina z izrazitimi znaki obrabe zaradi nošenja je bila izdelana v vezavi platno, z, glede velikosti in oblike, zelo neenakomernimi porami med osnovnimi in votkovnimi nitmi. Za čim bolj realistično 3D upodobitev je slikovna informacija o porah izjemno pomembna, zato je bil s procesom analize in 3D upodabljanja določen delokrog priprave teksture za vizualizacijo poroznosti tkanin. Tkanina je bila s fotografi ranjem zajeta pri sedmih različnih osvetlitvah. S pomočjo programa za slikovno analizo ImageJ so bile fotografi je analizirane s tremi različnimi postopki določanja praga histograma, in sicer z algoritmom Yen, z določanjem lokalnega minimuma med vrhovoma na histogramu vzorcev ter z ročnim (vizualnim) določanjem praga. Na ta način so bile ustvarjene različne slike, mape poroznosti, s katerimi je bila vizualizirana poroznost tkanine. Izvedena je bila slikovna analiza velikosti por, njihovega števila ter pokritosti površine s porami. Rezultati so pokazali odvisnost kakovosti slikovnih informacij tekstur od vrste in načina osvetljevanja, pri čemer je bila za pridobivanje informacij o poroznosti pomembna predvsem vrsta luči (razpršena luč, direktna luč) ter tudi število, postavitev in kombinacija luči. Poleg tega je bilo ugotovljeno, da je za 3D vizualizacijo analizirane tkanine z neenakomerno strukturo najustreznejša uporaba mape poroznosti, katere priprava vključuje metodo ročnega (vizualnega) določanja praga histograma.

The double-weave structure of a fabric allows for the use of different materials and weave structures for the upper and lower layer, which can be advantageous in the functionalization of 3D printed textiles. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the influence of simple and double-weave structures on the adhesion of 3D printed fabrics. From this perspective, we investigated the influence of different twill derivates and weft densities on the adhesion force. We produced fabrics specifically for this study and printed them with a polylactic acid filament using Fused Deposition Modeling technology. The T-peel test was performed to measure the adhesion, and the results were statistically analyzed. A morphological study of the surfaces and cross-sections of the 3D printed fabrics helped us interpret the results. We found that adhesion was higher for double fabrics when printed with a smaller z-distance, where the molten polymer reached the lower layer of the fabric and adhered to it. The opposite was confirmed when printing with a larger z-distance, where adhesion was higher for simple fabrics. Both weave and density had a significant effect on adhesion in all cases. Surprisingly, different twill derivatives generally had a greater influence on adhesion than density.