Background Influenza is a highly contagious disease with global annual outbreaks of 3‐5 million severe cases and 0.25‐0.5 million deaths. The risk is greater in pregnant women that results in high morbidity and mortality. Objective The objective of this study was to see the efficacy of influenza vaccine on pregnant women and their newborn upto 6 months. Method This was a retrospective study (January 2016‐March 2018). Records of 346 pregnant women were included in this study (vaccinated: 288; unvaccinated: 58). Women and infants were categorised into Category A, B or C according to the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India on influenza. Results The groups were comparable with respect to baseline characteristics. Greater number of women received influenza vaccine during the first trimester (n = 117). During the gestation period, majority of the women in the vaccinated group were symptom‐free compared with the unvaccinated (92% vs 70.7%). Also, none of the vaccinated women were categorised into category C compared with one who was laboratory tested positive for influenza in the unvaccinated group. Similar results were seen postpartum and more number of infants remained symptom‐free in the vaccinated group compared with unvaccinated (69.3% vs 25.9%). More number of infants were born pre‐term in the unvaccinated group compared with vaccinated (15.5% vs 8.6%). Conclusions Immunisation with influenza vaccine in any trimester during pregnancy was found to protect the mother and infants upto 6 months of age against seasonal influenza without significant maternal adverse effects. In order to improve vaccination rates, there must be a national vaccination policy and incorporation of maternal immunisation in standard antenatal care.

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Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is a common cause for a gynecological visit. Endometrial cancer risk varies from 3% to 25% in women with PMB. There is a significant concern of malignancy of the endometrium and the endocervical canal by a physician in postmenopausal women, and hence, most prefer operating room hysteroscopies with dilation and curettage (D & C) compared to in-office procedures. With increased availablility of miniaturized instruments such as mini- resectoscope and tissue removal systems, there is high likelihood of blind D & C being replaced by hysteroscopic- guided targetted biopsy or visual D & C. The cost-effectiveness of office hysteroscopy is also well demonstrated. In December 2020, an electronic search was performed of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library to look for articles on office hysteroscopic biopsy techniques in postmenopausal women from 2010 to 2020. Relevant studies were included where various office hysteroscopic techniques are used for endometrial sampling in PMB. Studies with 5 Fr scissors, biopsy forceps, crocodile forceps, cup forceps, bipolar electrode, in-office tissue removal system (morcellator), flexible hysteroscope, and mini-resectoscope were included. Standard reference was used as an adequate endometrial sample for histology. The objective of this review is to explore the current evidence on different office hysteroscopic techniques available for endometrial tissue sampling in PMB. Research Question: What are the different available in - office hysteroscopy techniques for obtaining endometrial biopsy? Clinical Importance: Understanding the adequacy of an endometrial tissue sample obtained by different in - office hysteroscopy techniques and their accuracy by histology.

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Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decline in glomerular filtration rate leading to decreased excretion of nitrogenous waste products. It continues to be a common problem in developing countries.Aims The aim of this study was to understand AKI characteristics in pregnancy and identify the factors related to its unfavorable outcome.