In the West, limited government capacity to solve environmental problems has triggered the rise of a variety of "nonstate actors" to supplement government efforts or provide alternative mechanisms for addressing environmental issues. How does this development - along with our efforts to understand it - map onto environmental governance processes in China? China's efforts to address environmental issues reflect institutionalized governance processes that differ from parallel western processes in ways that have major consequences for domestic environmental governance practices and the governance of China "going abroad." China's governance processes blur the distinction between the state and other actors; the "shadow of the state" is a major factor in all efforts to address environmental issues. The space occupied by nonstate actors in western systems is occupied by shiye danwei ("public service units"), she hui tuanti ("social associations") and e-platforms, all of which have close links to the state. Meanwhile, international NGOs and multinational corporations are also significant players in China. As a result, the mechanisms of influence that produce effects in China differ in important ways from mechanisms familiar from the western experience. This conclusion has far-reaching implications for those seeking to address global environmental concerns, given the importance of China's growing economy and burgeoning network of trade relationships.

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attracted considerable attention as a novel solution for wireless communications because its orthogonal modes significantly increase the channel capacity without an additional frequency band. The joint multiplexing between OAM technologies and other modulation techniques has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we first proposed the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing-orbital angular momentum (OFDM-OAM) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system. The proposed OFDM-OAM MIMO based on the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) operations achieves a very high sum-rate and spectrum efficiency (SE). However, the expensive hardware and software overheads for transmitting and receiving OAM waves lead to an unexpected cost for the OFDM-OAM MIMO scheme. A time-switched OFDM-OAM (TOO) MIMO is then proposed to reduce the computational complexity, and the procedure of OAM generations and recoveries has also explicitly been derived. The mathematical derivation shows that the proposed TOO MIMO system based on a simple switching sequence is suitable for small-scale and low-cost wireless broadband communications, and the simulation results demonstrate that the TOO MIMO scheme achieves a considerable SE and much less computational complexity than the OFDM-OAM MIMO scheme.INDEX TERMS Orbital angular momentum (OAM), joint multiplexing, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing-orbital angular momentum (OFDM-OAM), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), spectrum efficiency (SE), time-switched OFDM-OAM (TOO).

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound psychological and behavioral impact on people around the world. Consumer purchase behaviors have thus changed greatly, and consumer services companies need to adjust their business models to adapt to this change. From the perspective of consumer psychology, this paper explores the impact of consumer purchase behavior changes over the course of the pandemic on the business model design of consumer services companies using a representative survey of 1,742 individuals. Our results show that changes in consumer purchase behavior have a significant impact on the design of consumer services firms’ business models. Specifically, changes in consumers’ purchase object, motive, and timeframe are more likely to spark a novelty-centered business model design, whereas changes in purchase method tend to inspire an efficiency-centered one. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for consumer services companies in designing business models when faced with unexpected crises.

This paper distinguishes between different forms of government intervention upon a firm, including the firm’s tax burden, sales to the government and state shares. We investigate how these types of government intervention affect micro‐financial development. With evidence from China, we confirm that the micro‐financial development is promoted by the firm’s tax burden and sales to the government but constrained by the firm’s state shares. The findings remain robust to the endogeneity issue. The findings offer applications for government policies or a firm’s financing strategies.

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