This paper proposes a graphic modeling approach, fault diagnosis method based on fuzzy reasoning spiking neural P systems (FDSNP), for power transmission networks. In FDSNP, fuzzy reasoning spiking neural P systems (FRSN P systems) with trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used to model candidate faulty sections and an algebraic fuzzy reasoning algorithm is introduced to obtain confidence levels of candidate faulty sections, so as to identify faulty sections. FDSNP offers an intuitive illustration based on a strictly mathematical expression, a good fault-tolerant capacity due to its handling of incomplete and uncertain messages in a parallel manner, a good description for the relationships between protective devices and faults, and an understandable diagnosis model-building process. To test the validity and feasibility of FDSNP, seven cases of a local subsystem in an electrical power system are used. The results of case studies show that FDSNP is effective in diagnosing faults in power transmission networks for single and multiple fault situations with/without incomplete and uncertain SCADA data, and is superior to four methods, reported in the literature, in terms of the correctness of diagnosis results.Index Terms-Electric power system, fault diagnosis, fuzzy production rules, fuzzy reasoning, fuzzy reasoning spiking neural P system, linguistic term, trapezoidal fuzzy number.

The synthetic transformation of polypeptides with molecular accuracy holds great promise for providing functional and structural diversity beyond the proteome. Consequently, the last decade has seen an exponential growth of site‐directed chemistry to install additional features into peptides and proteins even inside living cells. The disulfide rebridging strategy has emerged as a powerful tool for site‐selective modifications since most proteins contain disulfide bonds. In this Review, we present the chemical design, advantages and limitations of the disulfide rebridging reagents, while summarizing their relevance for synthetic customization of functional protein bioconjugates, as well as the resultant impact and advancement for biomedical applications.

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Designing highly active, stable, bifunctional, noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a major challenge in water splitting. We report here a novel, frame-like nanostructured catalyst (Ni,Co)2P nanoframe (NF), which consists of heterostructured Ni2P–Co2P nanoparticles embedded in the N-doped carbon matrix. Its synthesis involves precipitation, chemical etching, and a final phosphidation step to give an optimized electronic structure that contains multiple catalytic active sites and facilitates mass transfer. The catalyst is a bifunctional catalyst for both HER and OER and is superior to the individual components Ni2P and Co2P samples and (Ni,Co)2P solid nanocubes. When the (Ni,Co)2P NF catalyst was employed as both the cathode and anode for overall water splitting, a remarkably low cell voltage of 1.54 V was required to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm–2. Density functional theory calculations verify the strong electronic interaction between Ni2P and Co2P at the heterointerfaces, resulting in an optimized hydrogen adsorption strength for enhanced HER electrocatalysis. Moreover, the synthetic strategy has been generalized for the synthesis of Ni–Co dichalcogenide NFs, thereby holding a great promise for a variety of potential applications.