Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. It is also the most common STI in adolescents. This highlights a great clinical and public health concern that must be addressed. Parents are typically involved in the clinical decision-making process of vaccine administration to children and adolescents. Therefore, understanding the acceptability of the HPV vaccination as a method to prevent STIs and certain cancers is critical. Purpose: To present the three primary themes that emerged from the literature: parental attitudes, parental beliefs and parental barrier towards vaccinating children and adolescents with the HPV vaccine. Method: A literature search using Scopus to determine parents' attitudes and beliefs towards vaccinating children and adolescents with the HPV vaccine. The initial search included the key search terms of 'children' and 'HPV vaccine' . The publication year was limited from 2006 to present. Findings: The three themes greatly influence parents' decisions to vaccinate their children.In the future, more attention needs to be paid to specific subgroups. Future research should include groups that are currently under-represented: fathers, urban populations, low socio-economic status and ethnic minorities. With the potential to prevent the majority of genital wart exacerbations and invasive cervical, penile, anal, oral-throat cancers, the new HPV vaccine represents a remarkable public health achievement (Parkins & Bray 2006). Recently, the FDA approved the quadrivalent HPV vaccine for use in males aged 9-26 years old. The oncogenic HPV types (mainly 16 and 18) are responsible for cervical cancer in women and almost all anal cancers in men and women, HPV 16 and 18 also account for 40% of penile cancers in men as well as 25-35% of oral and neck cancers in men and women (Parkins & Bray 2006). Nononcogenic HPV types 6 and 11 cause genital warts. It is necessary for the HPV vaccination to be administered prior to HPV exposure for it to offer full protection against HPV infections and its sequela. The ideal population to target for HPV vaccination is adolescents before their sexual debut. Review of the literature Literature search strategyThe search engine Scopus was used to search the literature to determine the attitudes and beliefs of parents towards vaccinating adolescents with the HPV vaccine. The initial search included the key search terms of 'children' and 'HPV vaccine' . The publication year was limited from 2006 to present. A span of 5 years was selected because of the recent licensure of the HPV vaccination by the FDA.Upon examining the literature in the last several years, it is evident that there is a shift from hypothetical intentions to vaccinate adolescents with the HPV vaccine to post-licensure studies aimed at understanding the variables to increase vaccinate uptake. Three primary themes emerged from the literature: parental attitudes towards acceptance, parental beliefs about the vaccine ...

Introduction:Cancer genome sequencing studies have discovered mutations in members of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex in nearly 25% of human cancers. The SWI/SNF complex, first discovered in S. cerevisiae, shows strong conservation from yeast to Drosophila to mammals, contains approximately 10-12 subunits and regulates nucleosome positioning through the energy generated by its ATPase subunits. The unexpected finding of frequent mutations in the complex has fueled studies to identify the mechanisms that drive tumor development and the accompanying therapeutic vulnerabilities. Areas covered:In the review, we focus upon the potential roles different SWI/SNF subunit mutations play in human oncogenesis, their common and unique mechanisms of transformation and the potential for translating these mechanisms into targeted therapies for SWI/SNF-mutant tumors.

Unhealthy and risky behaviors among adolescents and young adults, such as poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, smoking, and sexual practices, can lead to long-term negative health outcomes. Individuals with chronic diseases in these age groups are also more prone to nonadherence in the management of their diseases. Positively influencing the voluntary aspect of unhealthy behaviors in adolescents and young adults is an important public health topic. Recent research on cell phone text messaging has emerged as a potentially efficient, real-time intervention portal to prompt healthy behaviors in these populations. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of research evaluating the effectiveness of text messaging as a health intervention for adolescents and young adults.

Persistent oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection increases the probability that precancerous anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions will progress to invasive anal cancer. Anal neoplasia associated with HPV disproportionately affects HIV-infected individuals, especially men who have sex with men. Prevention is limited to HPV vaccine recommendations, highlighting the need for new treatments. The purpose of this review is to provide HIV information to nurse clinical scientists about HPV-related cancer to highlight the connection between: (a) HPV biology and pathogenesis and (b) the development of drugs and novel therapeutic methods using high-throughput screening. PubMed and CINAHL were used to search the literature to determine HPV-related epidemiology, biology, and use of high-throughput screening for drug discovery. Several events in the HPV life cycle have the potential to be developed into biologic targets for drug discovery using the high-throughput screening technique, which has been successfully used to identify compounds to inhibit HPV infections.

Human papillomavirus-related anal intraepithelial neoplasia demands attention and the development of national level policies to ensure public health and safety. Kingdon's Multiple Streams Theory has provided a pragmatic framework to evaluate the problem.