The genetic diversity of a comprehensive germplasm collection involving 192 Jatropha curcas L. accessions collected throughout Brazil, spanning a wide latitudinal range from the states of Maranhão (1°49′ S, 44°52′ W) to Rio Grande do Sul (29°33′ S, 55°07′ W), was studied with 96 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and six selected microsatellite markers. Only 23 of the 381 replicated RAPD markers and one microsatellite were polymorphic. Surprisingly, all accessions were homozygous at all but one microsatellite, in contrast with the outcrossing mating system reported for the species, suggesting that J. curcas not only supports selfing but possibly breeds by geitonogamy. Similarity based clustering revealed only 43 unique multilocus profiles in the 192 accessions. The probabilities of accessions with indistinguishable multilocus profiles being true duplicates varied between 83 and 99%. No relationship between clustering of accessions and geographic origin was observed, suggesting that J. curcas has experienced a widespread dispersion across regions by seeds and possibly vegetative propagules. The narrow genetic base and extent of potentially duplicated accessions likely reflects a recent common ancestry, drift, and intensive selection of the currently cultivated materials since the time of introduction. This result highlights an urgent need for the introduction of new and diverse accessions to this germplasm collection if Brazil is to drive and sustain successful breeding programs.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e determinar a eficiência da seleção simultânea de clones de eucalipto baseada em produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade. Foram utilizados 21 clones, com 36 meses de idade, pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento genético da empresa Cenibra. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em quatro ambientes, com 21 repetições de uma planta por parcela. Os clones foram avaliados quanto às variáveis: diâmetro à altura do peito, altura da planta e volume total com casca. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pela metodologia de modelos mistos (REML/BLUP), e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica do desempenho relativo dos valores genéticos (MHPRVG), em três estratégias: seleção com base no valor genético predito, tendo-se considerado o desempenho médio dos genótipos em todos os ambientes (sem efeito de interação) ou o desempenho em cada ambiente (com efeito da interação); e seleção simultânea quanto à produção, estabilidade e adaptabilidade. As particularidades dos ambientes influenciaram a expressão fenotípica dos clones. As estimativas de herdabilidade indicaram boas perspectivas para a seleção de clones com alta produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade. A seleção simultânea otimiza a seleção de clones e pode ser usada na construção de populações de melhoramento e na recomendação de materiais genéticos para plantios comerciais.Termos para indexação: Eucalyptus, interação genótipo x ambiente, MHPRVG, REML/BLUP. Simultaneous selection of eucalyptus clones based on yield, stability and adaptabilityAbstract -The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters and to determine the efficiency of the simultaneous selection of eucalyptus clones based on yield, stability, and adaptability. Twenty-one clones, with 36 months of age, from the genetic breeding program of the company Cenibra were used. The experiment was done in a randomized complete block design, in four environments, with 21 replicates of one plant per plot. The clones were evaluated as to the variables: diameter at breast height, plant height, and total volume with bark. The genetic parameters were estimated using the mixed model procedure (REML/BLUP), and selection was based on the harmonic mean of the relative performance of the genetic values (HMRPGV), with three strategies: selection based on the predicted genetic gain, considering the average performance of genotypes in all environments (without interaction effect) or the performance on each environment (with interaction effect); and simultaneous selection based on productivity, stability, and adaptability. Environment particularities influenced the phenotypic expression of the clones. The heritability estimates indicated good perspectives for selecting clones with high yield, stability, and adaptability. Simultaneous selection optimizes clone selection and can be used in the construction of breeding populations and in the recommendation of genetic materials for commercial plantations...
-The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters and variability among accessions (half-sib families) of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) during the early stages of development. For this study, 110 accessions in the first year of development of the physic nut germplasm bank, maintained at Embrapa Cerrados, DF, Brazil, were evaluated in situ. The experiment was established in a randomized complete block design, with two replicates and five plants per plot arranged in rows at 4x2 m spacing. Grain yield, total number of branches per plant, plant height, stem diameter, canopy projection on the row, canopy projection between rows, canopy volume, number of days until first flowering and height of the first inflorescence were evaluated. Estimates of vegetative genetic parameters showed the existence of genetic variability in the physic nut germplasm bank. Physic nut accessions of the germplasm bank were grouped into five similarity groups based on character divergence. Although preliminary, the obtained results are promising for showing potential for Jatropha improvement with selective efficiency.Index terms: Jatropha curcas, germplasm bank, plant breeding. Parâmetros genéticos e variabilidade em acessos de pinhão-manso no estágio inicial de desenvolvimentoResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e a variabilidade entre acessos (famílias de meios-irmãos) de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) no estágio inicial de desenvolvimento. Para este estudo, foram avaliados in situ 110 acessos, no primeiro ano de desenvolvimento, do banco de germoplasma mantido na Embrapa Cerrados. O experimento foi implantado em delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, com duas repetições e cinco plantas por parcela, dispostas em linha no espaçamento de 4x2 m. Foram avaliados os caracteres: produção de grãos, número total de ramos por planta, altura de plantas, diâmetro de caule, projeção da copa na linha, projeção da copa na entrelinha, volume da copa, numero de dias para o primeiro florescimento e altura da primeira inflorescência. As estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos de caracteres vegetativos mostraram a existência de variabilidade genética no banco de germoplasma de pinhão-manso. Os acessos do banco de germoplasma de pinhão-manso foram agrupados em cinco grupos de similaridade, com base na divergência dos caracteres avaliados. Embora preliminares, os resultados obtidos são promissores por mostrar o potencial para o melhoramento de Jatropha com eficiência seletiva.Termos para indexação: Jatropha curcas, banco de germoplasma, melhoramento vegetal.
The genetic variability of the Brazilian physic nut (Jatropha curcas) germplasm bank (117 accessions) was assessed using a combination of phenotypic and molecular data. The joint dissimilarity matrix showed moderate correlation with the original matrices of phenotypic and molecular data. However, the correlation between the phenotypic dissimilarity matrix and the genotypic dissimilarity matrix was low. This finding indicated that molecular markers (RAPD and SSR) did not adequately sample the genomic regions that were relevant for phenotypic differentiation of the accessions. The dissimilarity values of the joint dissimilarity matrix were used to measure phenotypic + molecular diversity. This diversity varied from 0 to 1.29 among the 117 accessions, with an average dissimilarity among genotypes of 0.51. Joint analysis of phenotypic and molecular diversity indicated that the genetic diversity of the physic nut germplasm was 156% and 64% higher than the diversity estimated from phenotypic and molecular data, respectively. These results show that Jatropha genetic variability in Brazil is not as limited as previously thought.
-The objective of this work was to estimate genetic gains in physic nut (Jatropha curcas) using selection indexes and to establish the best selection strategy for the species. Direct and indirect selection was carried out using different selection indexes, totalizing 14 strategies. One hundred and seventy five families from the active germplasm bank of Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, Brazil, were analyzed in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. The evaluated traits were: grain yield; seeds per fruit; endosperm/ seed ratio; seed weight, length, width, and thickness; branches per plant at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m; plant height; stem diameter; canopy projection on rows and between lines; canopy volume; juvenility (days to the first flowering); and height of the first inflorescence. Evaluations were done during the second year of cultivation. The use of selection indexes is relevant to maximize the genetic gains in physic nut, favoring a better distribution of desirable traits. The multiplicative and restrictive indexes are considered the most promising for selection.Index terms: Jatropha curcas, biodiesel, canopy volume, Cerrado, juvenility, seed size. Ganho genético em pinhão-manso com uso de índices de seleçãoResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o ganho genético em pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) com uso de diferentes índices de seleção e estabelecer a melhor estratégia de seleção para a espécie. A seleção direta e indireta foi realizada com diferentes índices de seleção, o que totalizou 14 estratégias. Foram analisadas 175 famílias pertencentes ao banco ativo de germoplasma da Embrapa Agroenergia, em blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: produtividade de grãos; sementes por fruto; razão endosperma/ semente; peso, comprimento, largura e espessura de sementes; número de ramos a 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 m; altura de plantas; diâmetro do caule; projeção da copa nas linhas e nas entrelinhas; volume da copa; juvenilidade (dias até o florescimento); e altura de inserção da primeira inflorescência. As avaliações foram realizadas durante o segundo ano de cultivo. A utilização de índices de seleção é relevante para maximizar os ganhos genéticos em pinhão-manso e favorece uma melhor distribuição de características desejáveis. Os índices multiplicativos e restritivos são considerados os mais promissores para uso na seleção.Termos para indexação: Jatropha curcas, biodiesel, volume de copa, Cerrado, juvenilidade, tamanho de sementes.
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