During the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, countless slaves from culturally diverse communities in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia journeyed to Mexico on the ships of the Manila Galleon. Upon arrival in Mexico, they were grouped together and categorized as chinos. Their experience illustrates the interconnectedness of Spain's colonies and the reach of the crown, which brought people together from Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe in a historically unprecedented way. In time, chinos in Mexico came to be treated under the law as Indians, becoming indigenous vassals of the Spanish crown after 1672. The implications of this legal change were enormous: as Indians, rather than chinos, they could no longer be held as slaves. Tatiana Seijas tracks chinos' complex journey from the slave market in Manila to the streets of Mexico City, and from bondage to liberty. In doing so, she challenges commonly held assumptions about the uniformity of the slave experience in the Americas.
This historiographical essay discusses Asian migrations to Latin America from a Pacific World perspective and employs a longue‐durée periodization. The Pacific World paradigm offers a path for studying the movement of people and ideas as multi‐directional flows that impacted communities around the Pacific basin. The pre‐1900 century timeframe similarly urges scholars to move beyond nation‐bound narratives and to consider instead the long‐standing cultural and ethnic ties that connected Asia and the Americas before the reification on national borders.
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