The Persistent Relay Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (PRCSMA) Protocol has been proposed in the literature as a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol suitable for Cooperative Automatic Retransmission Request (C-ARQ) schemes. The improvement in throughput achieved with PRCSMA is already known. In this paper, we analyze the energy efficiency of this protocol to assess application to energy-constrained networks. Towards this aim, a suitable energy model is derived. The model has been validated through computer simulations and shows that a C-ARQ based on PRCSMA can help improve the energy efficiency of wireless communications and thus increase the lifetime of devices.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

The currently used communications layer in the electric power grid is heavily outdated and thus not able to cope with emerging Smart Grid application requirements. Notably, new measurement devices and advanced control applications are being deployed with the aim to greatly improve the stability and efficiency of the grid. A communication infrastructure together with a middleware that delivers updates across wide areas in a timely and reliable manner is thus a cornerstone in the emerging Smart Grid. In this paper, we analyse distributed computing technologies that meet the stringent communications requirements.We show that the solutions and practices developed for Machine-To-Machine (M2M) communications, ETSI M2M middleware in particular, can be successfully applied to future Smart Grid networks. The pitfalls of the proposed architecture are identified and an upgrade is devised to provide for the critical event-driven, real-time communication required by some applications

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