Nanocrystals of 1-methyl-4-{2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl}pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (DAST) with a size of about 130 nm were prepared by the reprecipitation method, in which an ethanol solution of DAST and additives was injected into volatile hydrocarbons. Since the DAST crystal belongs to a polar space group, the nanocrystals dispersed in hydrocarbons could be aligned in a polar orientation by applying a DC electric field. A more efficient orientation was achieved by the initial application of a DC electric field followed by a DC magnetic field. By changing the dispersion medium from a hydrocarbon to a liquid monomer with a photoinitiator and a crosslinker, the polar orientation could be fixed after photocuring.

In this study, tsunami run-up experimental model with a scale of 1 to 330 was set up in a tank with 33m length, 30m width and 0.5m height, which reproduces topography around Kitakami River 10 km long with Oppa bay. In the experiments, two types of tsunami were made by tsunami generator and influences of presence of river spit, highwater channel, riverbed roughness, presence of levee breach in some section to tsunami run-up. To recognize these influences, water levels in the river and land area, water volume going up through 10kilometer post of the river were measured during tsunami run-up. It was recognized that presence of river spit, decrease of riverbed roughness make distance of tsunami run-up longer and levee breach sometimes makes the distance shorter.

We applied a proposed procedure for estimating the potential direct economic damage and death toll caused by multiple disasters of earthquakes and floods to a case study river, and extracted characteristics of effect of damage reduction measures against the multiple disasters. We assumed a multiple disaster in which a flood occurs after an earthquake, and estimated the potential damage in a river (about 60 km long). We estimated each damage in 120 cases changing the scale of the earthquake and the flood, the interval between the earthquake and the flood, and the countermeasure, considering the emergency works for the levees and roads, and the emergency rescue activities after the earthquake, and so on. We extracted 3 consideration points, which are beneficial for discussing possible damage reduction measures against the multiple disasters.

ABSTRACT:We applied an analysis method for estimating the potential direct economic damage and death toll caused by multiple disasters of earthquakes and floods. To extract the effects of various measures in the analysis, we used a river about 60 km long as our case study. We assumed a set of multiple disasters in which one of two floods occurs after one of three earthquakes and estimated the damage in the river. We estimated the damage in 120 cases by changing the scales of each earthquake and each flood, the interval between the earthquake and flood, and the needed disaster damage reduction measures.