No abstract

Самарский научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства имени Н.М. Тулайкова Основным абиотическим фактором, влияющим на урожайность тритикале, является ГТК за вегетационный период (r = 0,93±0,0193**). Положительное влияние оказывают осадки перед посевом (r = 0,37…0,71**). Частичная гибель растений в период посева (r =-0,37±0,1233) и в начале вегетации (r =-0,51±0,1057*) происходит от избытка влаги. В процессе вегетации повышенные температуры (r =-0,39…-0,71**) и избыток влаги (r =-0,32…-0,63*) снижают урожайность. Наличие в образцах телоцентрических хромосом пшеницы и ржи, расщепление свидетельствуют о продолжающемся формообразовательном процессе. В третьем поколении процесс расщепления гибридов на морфотипы продолжается. Встречаются гибридные растения с пирамидальной и веретеновидной формой колоса, остистые и полуостистые, высокие и низкие. По сравнению с гибридами первого поколения число значимых взаимосвязей в гибридах второго и третьего поколений значительно больше. Это объясняется тем, что гибриды F2 и F3 обладают более широким спектром генотипической и фенотипической изменчивости. Расщепление в F2 и последующих поколениях чрезвычайно многообразно, так как родительские сорта различались между собой по очень большому числу признаков. Процесс стабилизации гибридов F3 не закончен, помимо рекомбинации генов, не завершен процесс стабилизации уровня плоидности. Полученный гибридный материал представляет интерес как теоретический-для дальнейшего генетического исследования, так и практический-для селекционного использования. Повышение чувствительности гибрида к благоприятным и неблагоприятным условиям показывает увеличение фенотипической пластичности, выражаемой коэффициентом регрессии bi.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlations between the hybrids F₁, F₂, and F₃, obtained by different methods, their plasticity and stability, as well as to identify the probability of cytogenetic balances formed in F₃ and the possibility to perform selection in this generation. Correlations in 38 triticale hybrids (F₁, F₂, and F₃), obtained by different methods were evaluated in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, Russia. Simple intraspecific, complex and interspecific cross breeding was performed. Thirty-eight hybrids were evaluated. Correlation (68 features), variance, and genetic analyses were conducted. Relatively constant correlations in intraspecific hybrids of the F₁, F₂, and F₃ generations were documented between the length of the ear and its components: the number of spikelets, the mass of one ear, and the number of grains per ear. An increase in spike length in interspecific hybrids leads to an increase in the number of spikelets, but a decrease in fertility productivity. In hybrids of the second generation, the number of significant functional correlations increases significantly. In the third generation, the correlations are almost the same as in the first generation. The interrelation of spike length with internode length decreases (<em>r</em> = 0.12–0.14), while the weight of one spike (<em>r</em> = 0.07–0.12) increases with the number of spikelets (<em>r</em> = 0.82–0.87). The coefficient of variation in the number of kernels per ear in the F₃ generation of intraspecific and interspecific hybrids varied from 21.01% to 69.57%. The variance of this feature was lower in simple intraspecies hybrids (21.01–25.15%) and higher in interspecies hybrids with winter wheat (36.40–38.30%) and winter rye (60.0–69.57%). The analysis of the stability and plasticity of the hybrids indicates their instability. The selection of elite ears and plants in the early stages of formation of the hybrid is not effective.

The article presents the results of studies to identify the influence of abiotic factors on the grain quality of varieties and lines of winter triticale of the Samara Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences for 2017-2020, in comparison with varieties of winter rye and wheat. The studied crops were cultivated in the fields of the institute, located in the black earth steppe of the Middle Volga region. Technological properties were determined in the laboratory of the technical and analytical service of the Samara NIISH and at the Faculty of Technology of the Samara State Agrarian University according to standard generally accepted methods. The data obtained indicate a higher productivity of modern triticale varieties, compared to rye and wheat. In terms of grain quality, these varieties and lines are superior to winter rye varieties and are not inferior to wheat. On average, over 4 years, the content of HAC in triticale varieties was (1.09-1.51 mp · S), with a variation by year, depending on climatic conditions from 0.90-1.53 mp · S in 2017 to 1.01-1.59 mp · S in 2018. It was revealed that the varieties Krokha and Arcturus were distinguished by the fat content of 1.81-1.85 %, the variety Spika and liniya 9385-4/14 1,72-1,75% – by ash content. In terms of the content of almost all amino acids, the grain of the 830-4/13 line was superior to the rest of the studied samples. The amount of protein in the grain varied from 11.7 to 15.6% over the years, and fat from 0.61 to 2.55%. A high yield relationship was observed with the content of pentosans r=-0.82±0.08, arginine r=-0.72±0.12, with the mass of 1000 grains r=0.67±0.14, histizine r=0.61±0.16, leucine r=-0.69±0.13, sodium content r=0.86±0.06, and depended on the amount of precipitation in April r=0.81±0.08. The necessity of analyzing the amino acid composition of triticale grain to determine its biological value is justified

Winter triticale is the most promising grain crop, over the past seven years four varieties of local selection have been zoned in the region. However, the technology of their cultivation requires clarification. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of grain yield formation and seeding rates of varieties of various types of winter triticale in the Middle Volga region. In 2018-2021, the formation of yields of triticale varieties (Crumbs and Capella) on six variants of seed sowing rates was considered on ordinary chernozem. When using the growth-stimulating drug Baritone at seeding rates of 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0 million/ha it was found that the temperature and relative humidity of the air had the greatest influence on the elements of the crop structure. The main element of the crop structure - the density of the stem was most dependent on the relative humidity of the air during the spring-summer vegetation (r=–0.98*…–0.99*). When cultivating for grain, a significant increase in yield had  Crumb variety, compared with the Capella by 0.31-0.44 t/ha (14.0-17.6%). Its highest values were at seeding rates of 3.0-5.0 million/ha - 2.66-2.69 (Capella), - 3.05-3.10 t/ha. Of the abiotic factors, the maximum effect on grain yield was exerted by the relative humidity of the air during the spring-summer growing season (r= –0.98*…–0.99**). The highest net income indicates the expediency of cultivating triticale in the conditions of the Volga region to etch seeds with Bariton preparation and sow them for fodder at a rate of 3.0 million/ ha.