In cultivating field crops, the variability of quantitative characteristics is undoubtedly caused by growing conditions and "genotype × environment" interaction. Combined approach to the consideration of this issue showed that the growth of potential productivity of agricultural crops due to selection and cultivation technology adversely affects the resistance of new varieties and hybrids to the influence of abiotic and biotic stresses. This article describes the problem of adapting perennial ryegrass varieties to the conditions of the Udmurt Republic which is one of the reserves of highquality fodder. These studies were performed on sodstrongly podzolic heavyloam soil. The plowing layer of experimental plots had from low (2.1%) to medium (2.6%) humus content, medium (100-101 mg/kg) mobile phosphorus content, from medium (101 mg/kg) to elevated (170 mg/kg) level of mobile potassium. Exchangeable acidity was from medium-acid (рНКСl = 5.0) to close to neutral (рНКСl = 5.6). Results of this research showed that over four years the highest dry matter yield of 3.5 t/ha was formed on average by Malysh variety. The varieties Malysh and Agatboth of Russian selectionwere characterized by high winter hardiness (88.0-89.3%), a slight variability in characteristics was noted for these varieties (variation coefficient 6.9-7.3%) what speaks for their stability. The combination of ecological flexibility (bi = 1.13) and phenotypic stability (S2d = 0.10) of Malysh variety reveals its high adaptive properties.

Расширение посевных площадей озимой тритикале в Среднем Предуралье сдерживает небольшой ассортимент современных сортов, приспособленных к условиям региона. В связи с чем возникает необходимость селекционной работы с данной культурой, начальной ступенью которой является моделирование нового сорта. Исследования проведены в Удмуртской Республике. На основании изучения 11 сортов озимой тритикале в 2010-2015 гг. определен характер взаимосвязи урожайности, показателей ее структуры и зимостойкости. В среднем за годы исследований установлена тесная корреляция урожайности озимой тритикале с зимостойкостью (r = 0,72±0,23), зимостойкости с густотой стояния продуктивных растений (r = 0,82±0,16) и густотой продуктивного стеблестоя (r = 0,86±0,17). Но в то же время зимостойкость не влияла на количество зерен в колосе, массу зерна колоса, массу 1000 зерен, длину и индекс плотности колоса. Результаты расчетов были использованы при составлении модели нового сорта. Отрицательная корреляция высоты растений с массой 1000 зерен (r =-0,63±0,26) и массой зерна колоса (r =-0,41±0,30) свидетельствует о нежелательном увеличении высоты, но аналогичный характер связи длины колоса с индексом плотности (r =-0,42±0,21) позволяет увеличить длину колоса и снизить его плотность без уменьшения продуктивности колоса. Продуктивность колоса можно повысить за счет увеличения его озерненности (r = 0,95±0,11) и массы 1000 зерен (r = 0,85±0,18). С учетом региональных почвенно-климатических особенностей определены также оптимальные морфологические (тип куста, наличие воскового налета, положение флагового листа, поникание колоса, опушение под колосом, окраска колоса и остей) и биологические признаки (продолжительность вегетационного периода, устойчивость к полеганию) модельного сорта озимой тритикале.

Implementation of modern technologies for the production of agricultural products in each soil and climatic zone which are based on efficient resource-saving methods of tillage will make a significant contribution to the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. The Cis-Ural region is a large industrial center with well-developed agricultural industry. Sod-podzolic soils predominantly spread on this territory are characterized by erosional features, lowhumusness and weak aggregate strength but with good water provision during growth period one can get good levels of crop yields. Results of this study showed that the various methods of fall tillage of sod-podzolic soil actually do not change its agrophysical properties during the subsequent growth season, the yield of spring wheat and weed infestation of its crops. Therefore, it is economically reasonable to use minimal tillage for growing spring wheat.

Triticale is an artificially created crop. When creating new varieties of this crop, different types of wheat, rye, and wild cereals are used in modern breeding. In connection with the origin uniqueness of triticale, its genetic characteristics, questions of a methodological nature often arise in breeding work. One of these questions is the method choice of selection and evaluation of parent plants, the establishment of breeding nurseries. In this regard, the aim of the research was to improve the selection method of winter triticale parental plants and the establishment of a breeding nursery of the 1st year. Field and laboratory studies were carried out in 2019-2021 in the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. A comparative characteristic of the initial inflorescences’ selection methods and establishment of a breeding nursery of the first year was given. Inflorescences’ selection was carried out based on visual inspection without threshing and based on a morphological assessment of the ear and grain after thrashing. The breeding nursery of the 1st year was founded in two ways - by sowing seeds and unthreaded ears. The effectiveness of the breeding nursery establishment method was assessed by comparing the yield of breeding lines and the number of culled forms. It was found that at the initial stage of winter triticale breeding process, it is advisable to select the initial forms based on the weight of the ear, establish the 1st year breeding nursery with an unthreaded ear and carry out a comprehensive assessment and culling of breeding material based on field and laboratory methods. This will significantly increase the volume of breeding material and improve the quality of assessments, reduce labor intensity in the culling of selected inflorescences and lines.