Lingual foramen is an opening present commonly on the lingual aspects of mandible and it is commonly a midline structure. It consists of blood vessels that supply the anterior mandible. This study was conducted with aim of analyzing the location, number, radiographic subtypes and relationship of lingual foramen/foramina with the alveolar crest on Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Double lingual foramen is shown in most of the cases followed by single foramen. In our study, all 104(100%) patients showed median and lingual position of lingual foramen. There was significant difference in single lingual foramen between males and females. Type I lingual foramen was most commonly found followed by type VI. CBCT is advanced and most important diagnostic tool in order to reveal morphological features and normal anatomical variations as it further helps in planning an implant or corrective surgical treatment procedure.

Background: sex identification by morphological assessment of various bones of the skeleton had been one of the oldest approaches in forensic anthropology and medico-legal cases. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to make the morphometric measurements of the foramen magnum in determining the feasibility of sex determination using computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: The data for our study was obtained from 100 patients having CT scan of the head and neck region (Siemens Somatom 256 slice CT scanner) with 1mm contiguous axial scans using bone window settings (2000 HU with 400 HU in centre), scan time of one second and exposure parameters 140 kVp and 70mA. The different measurements taken include the antero-posterior (AP) diameter, transverse diameter and area of the foramen magnum. Results: There were 50 males and 50 females with the age range of 18 to 75 years. Males have a higher average value than females in all of the parameters measured on foramen magnum. By using Student's T-test, all the measured parameters showed significant difference between the sexes (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The expression of sexual dimorphism in the foramen magnum region shows significant difference between the sexes, therefore this area of the skull should be considered a useful area in the identification of sex.

Introduction: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common condition of the mucosa of oral cavity characterized by recurrent attacks of small, round or oval, painful affecting 5-25% of the general population and rarely involves genital region. These lesions occur most commonly on the nonkeratinized epithelium of oral cavity and ulcers heal within a period of 10-14 days with characteristic feature of pain causing difficulty on chewing, swallowing, and/or speaking. So, the purpose of present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Amlexanox 5% and Triamcinolone 0.1% for the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers. Material and Methods: This double-blinded randomized clinical study done in the Department of Oral Medicine And Radiology, Government dental college Srinagar includes 36 patients suffering from recurrent aphthous ulcers aged between 25 and 55 years old and, having minor aphthous ulcers not more than 48 hours old. Group-1 was administered with Triamcinolone 0.1% (Kenocort 0.1% oral paste, Abbort Laboratories Chicago USA), while the group-2 was administered with Amlexanox 5% (Lexanox 5% oral paste, macleods Pharmaceuticals India). The patients used these pastes four times daily for 7 days. The patients were followed at days 0, 3, 5 and 7 and scores were assessed using visual analog scale. Results: The results showed that in both of the groups, there was reduction of pain and ulcer size significantly at subsequent follow up visits at 3 rd , 5 th and 7 th days (p< 0.01). None of the patients reported with pain in both the groups on 7 th day of treatment. No significant difference was noted between Triamcinolone and Amlexanox for their efficacy on pain relieving effect as well as on tingling in the present study. Conclusion: This study showed that both Amlexanox and Triamcinolone are active treatment options for RAS with no statistically significant difference between Amlexanox and Triamcinolone with regards to pain, tingling and ulcer size reduction.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are considered the most common orofacial pain conditions of nonodontogenic origin. The current perspective regarding TMD is multidimensional. If the pain becomes chronic, it can have a great impact on the social and emotional behavior of the patient. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients between the age groups of 18 and 45 years were included in the study. These patients were divided into two groups comprising 20 patients each. Group I was prescribed gabapentin and was advised to take the medicine twice daily. Group II was prescribed gabapentin along with nortryptyline twice daily. Patients in each group were evaluated at the end of every week using a visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, maximum interincisal mouth opening, and several muscle tenderness sites for 3 weeks, and a comparison was made. Results: The age range in group I was 19–45 years, whereas in group II it was 18–45 years with a P value of 0.711. Female predominance was observed in both groups as 65% of patients were females in group I and 60% were females in group II and P value obtained was 0.74. VAS score decreased more rapidly in group II than group I. The P value obtained was <0.001 at the end of the third week. Comfortable moth opening shows a more effective increase in group II than group I. The P value (0.003) shows significance at the end of the third week. The mean number of muscle tenderness sites at the end of 3 weeks in group I and group II reduced to 1.15 and 0.40, respectively. Conclusion: The combination therapy of gabapentin with nortryptyline was found to be more effective than gabapentin alone.

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