In this study, online databases including Web Science, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct, were searched to investigate an alternative nephroprotective remedy against gentamicin, paracetamol, profenofos, D galactosamine (D-GalN), chronic-stress, sepsis and cytotoxic drugs induced kidney injury as well as streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy, in addition to chemically induced nephrolithiasis. The review showed that many medicinal plants can attenuate the biochemical, functional and structural renal toxicities of a wide range of drugs and toxins representing effective nephroprotective alternatives.

Mirabilis jalapa was used traditionally in the treatment of kidney infections, as diuretic, tonic, cathartic, purgative and emetic. The phytochemical screening of the extracts of the leaves and stems of the Mirabilis jalaparevealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, terpenes, glycosides, saponins, protein, cardiac glycosides, steroids and emodin. The previous pharmacological studies revealed that Mirabilis jalapa possessed wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic effects included antimicrobial, antiparasitic, dermatological, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antihistaminic, immune-modulatory, antispasmodic and many other pharmacological effects. The chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmacological and therapeutic effects ofMirabilis jalapawere discussed in the current review.

Marrubium vulgare (Family: Lamiaceae) was used traditionally in the treatment of dyspeptic complains, pulmonary infections, cough, rheumatoid arthritis, night blindness, loss of appetite, as cholagogue, purgative, diuretic, bitter tonic, carminative and appetizer. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the plant contained alkaloids, sterols, steroids, terpenoids (diterpene), saponins, flavonoid, catecholic tannins, anthocyans, phenolic compounds and many other bioactive ingredients. The pharmacological investigations showed that the plant exerted anti-inflammatory, antiedematogenic, analgesic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardiovascular hypolipidemic, antispasmodic and many other biological effects. This review discussed the bioactive contents and pharmacological activities of Marrubium vulgare.

This study aimed to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lawsone isolated from henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis).  Methods: A total of 120 healthy adult mice (weighing about 25±5 g) were included in this study. Sixty mice out of the total were used to determine LD50, 30 mice to determine the anti-inflammatory test, and the remaining (30 mice) were used for an analgesic test. The hot plate was used to determine the analgesic effect, while the anti-inflammatory effect was determined by the ability of the compound to minimize the inflammation and edema caused by the injection of carrageenan.  Results: Lawsone was isolated from Lawsonia inermis. A Stuart SMP10 digital melting point apparatus was used for measuring all melting points. Infrared spectrometer FT-IR 400D was used for measuring/recording IR spectra (KBr) which the frequency of absorption was represented as cm−1. For 1H-NMR spectrum recording, a Bruk-spectrophotometer of 400 MHz was used with internal TMS standard, with deuterated Ś 2.51 ppm for acetone-d6, remained solvent signals as well as 13C.NMR was used. TLC was utilized as adsorbent, UV light, or iodine-completed visualization to verify compounds' purities. The LD50 of the oral lawsone was 96 mg/kg, and the highest dosage that did not kill any of the experimental animals was 80 mg/kg, which was used to investigate lawsone's analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Lawsone and aspirin possessed an analgesic effect compared to the control group (p<0.0001 and p<0.001, respectively); however, lawsone induced a potent analgesic effect compared to aspirin (p<0.1). In contrast, Lawsone and aspirin exerted an anti-inflammatory effect (p<0.05) compared to the control group and were equipotent in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. Conclusion: It is concluded that lawsone possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, which endorse the practical medical importance of Lawsonia inermis. The latter is widely used traditionally for these purposes own to its cost-effectiveness and safety; however, further studies are required to determine the systemic safety of lawsone

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting women in child bearing age and is considered the main cause of infertility. This study aims to determine the efficacy of cyproterone 12 mg/ kg and metformin 50 mg/kg as a single oral daily dose for 20 days, in PCOS induced in female rats by estrogen valerate. In untreated group PCOS, the level of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was significantly (P< 0.0001) decrease, while estradiol and testosterone levels were increased significantly (P< 0.0001 and P< 0.001 respectively) in comparison with control group. Both cyproterone and metformin significantly increased LH and FSH levels (P< 0.05) compared to the untreated PCOS group. Both cyproterone and metformin reduced the level of estradiol hormone significantly (P <0.001 and P <0.05, respectively). Cyproterone also decreased the level of testosterone (P <0.0001) compared to the untreated PCOS group, and the testosterone level became less than that recorded in the control group (P <0.05), Metformin also significantly decreased the level of testosterone compared to the untreated PCOS group (P <0.01), but it still more than that in control. According to the results of the current study, we can conclude that cyproterone and metformin showed an efficacy in the treatment of PCO, and can restore the normal hormonal levels and should be considered in the treatment of this disease.