Natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) is known for its common use in biomedical applications including in orthopaedic and implantation. HAp can be extracted from natural resources such as eggshells, fish bones and coral. Annually, it is found that huge amount of tuna fish bones were thrown away and being wasted as results from great consumption of tuna fish. In this study, tuna fish bones were extracted and characterised to be used in biomedical applications. Specifically, tuna fish bones were cleaned, and calcined at high temperature of 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C. Powders calcined at 700 °C showed pure HAp compared to powders calcined at 900 °C and 1100 °C which showed the presence of β-TCP. As temperature rising, the morphology of the powders also changes from spherical-shaped to irregular-shaped indicated the substitution of phosphate and calcium from the β-TCP which also influenced the ratio of Ca/P obtained. In this study, powders calcined at 700 °C obtained optimum Ca/P ratio of 1.60. Moreover, EDS analysis showed the presence of tracer elements such as Ca, Mg, Sr Na, K and Zn in all calcined samples. These elements can help improve the biocompatibility of the HAp and beneficial for biomedical applications.

Current biomedical field demands intensive research on cost-effective and high availability materials to fulfil its various applications. Owing to its similar characteristic to human bone, biological hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been used as an alternative in bone replacement and implantation. In this study, biological HAp was extracted from bovine bones via calcination. Powders calcined at 700 °C and 900 °C showed the presence of HAp. The FESEM analysis shows that the irregular morphology emerged and the size was increasing as the calcination temperature increased. By increasing the temperature of 1100 °C, β-TCP started to develop and influenced the ratio of Ca/P. At 900 °C, the Ca/P ratio obtained was 1.70, and closest to the theoretical ratio of Ca/P. The presences of trace elements like Ca, Mg, Sr Na, K and Zn in all samples are proved via EDS analysis, and these elements help to enhance the bioactivity hence make it a good alternative in biomedical applications.

Microencapsulation of natural vegetable oil as a self-healing agent on metal coating became demanded lately. This paper underlines the microcapsule containing natural and wastes sunflower oil as a self-healing agent that was fabricated for the backbone of corrosion coatings. The results in this paper indicated the distinguished potential of waste sunflower oil as compared to natural sunflower oil. The diameter of microcapsules synthesized from natural sunflower oil and waste sunflower oil both in range of 3-4 µm. The shell of microcapsules microencapsulated from natural sunflower oil showed rough micro-structure while the shell of microcapsules microencapsulated from waste sunflower oil showed smooth micro-structure. The main parameter studied in this research was the varient of stirring speed during the process of microencapsulation. The involvement of stirring speed starts from 200 to 400 rpm. The microcapsules undergo varient of stirring speed analyzed on the yield and core content of microcapsules. The microcapsules from natural produced 29-50% while waste resources bring 26-48% of yield productions. The core content of microencapsulated natural sunflower oil generates 55-64% core content as comparing with waste sources which produce 56-67% of core content. It can be concluded that it was proved that sunflower oil could be considered as an alternative resource for self-healing agent in metal coating either encapsulated from natural or waste raw materials. The incorporation of green and natural material as a self-healing agent significantly influences the sustaining the environment to the safest stage.

Sodium alginate is a natural polymer used for many biomedical applications. The excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility of sodium alginate have provided ample space for future development in wound healing applications. In this study, bio-composite film was prepared by solvent casting technique by blending sodium alginate (SA) solution and titanium dioxide (TiO2) followed by crosslinking with calcium chloride. The bio-composite film was characterized with different characterization technique such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). AFM analysis provides information about surface roughness. The microstructure of bio-composite film was determined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The wettability of surface material is measure by contact angle. The result demonstrate that the bio-composite film shows high value of surface roughness and contact angle to enhanced blood clotting for wound healing applications

This study is conducted to synthesis bio-polyurethane from epoxidized palm oil (EPO). Palm oil-based polyurethane was synthesized by the acrylation process followed by thiols addition. The resulting oligomers were then reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and dibutylin dilaurate (DBTDL) to form Thiolated Acrylated Epoxidized Palm Oil Urethane (t-AEPOU). t-AEPOU was then reacted under UV photoirradiation for further reaction and to pre-determine its curing activities. The polymerization of AEPO and t-AEPOU were confirms by using Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier-Transform Infra Red (ATR-FTIR). This study affords new approach in synthesis of Palm Oil bio-based Polyurethane Coating.