CYP3A5 is the major CYP3A form in the human lung, and it is inducible by dexamethasone in the human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. In the present study, we characterized the nature and mechanism of this induction process. The induction of CYP3A5 mRNA was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in A549 cells. About 4-fold induction was detected by nanomolar concentrations of dexamethasone and also by budenoside and beclomethasone dipropionate, glucocorticoids used for the inhalation treatment of bronchial asthma, whereas the CYP3A4 inducers mifepristone (RU486), rifampicin, clotrimazole, and nifedipine were without effect. The glucocorticoid induction was blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486. In transient transfection assays to A549 cells, CYP3A5 5Ј regulatory region was activated by the dexamethasone treatment. In contrast, dexamethasone was unable to induce CYP3A5 transcription in GR-deficient COS-1 cells, but the induction could be achieved after GR cotransfection. The CYP3A5 expression was measured in alveolar macrophages from patients with respiratory diseases. The CYP3A5 expression level was decreased by smoking, but glucocorticoid therapy had no statistically significant effect. In conclusion, CYP3A5 is induced in the A549 cells by glucocorticoids through a GR-mediated pathway, whereas smoking may be able to depress CYP3A5 expression.

The number of industrial applications relying on the Machine to Machine (M2M) services exposed from physical world has been increasing in recent years. Such M2M services enable communication of devices with the core processes of companies. However, there is a big challenge related to complexity and to application-specific M2M systems called-vertical silos‖. This paper focuses on reviewing the technologies of M2M service networks and discussing approaches from the perspectives of M2M information

An ever increasing number of interconnected embedded devices, or Machine-to-Machine (M2M) systems, are changing the way we live, work and play. M2M systems as a whole are typically characterized by the diversity in both the type of device and type of network access technology employed, and such systems are often still today task-specific and built for just one specific application. Smart lighting, remote monitoring and control of all kinds of consumer devices and industrial equipment, safety and security monitoring devices and smart health and fitness products, exemplify this revolution of intercommunicating machines. However, the differences in communication technologies and data formats among such devices and systems are leading to a huge complexity explosion problem and a strongly fragmented market, with no true interoperability. Due to these problems, the full potential of M2M technology has yet to be fulfilled. In this paper, we examine the suitability of the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) and experiment with its potential to rise to the challenge of machine-to-machine communications and meet the needs of modern pervasive applications. Experimental implementations and some proof-of-concept solutions are also presented.

No abstract

No abstract