The study suggests that HA and SD play an important role in psychological distress in FM. The fact that SD is prone to modification and has a regulatory effect on emotional impulses is a key aspect to consider from the psychotherapeutic point of view.

Resilience is defined as a dynamic process that entails a positive adaptation to contexts of adversity. According to the ecological model, resilient behavior emerges as a result of the interaction between individual, relational, community and cultural variables. The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28), developed in Canada and based on the ecological model, has been validated in several countries. The objective of this article is to present the cultural adaptation (studies I and II) and validation (study III) in Spanish at risk youth. A three-study mixed-method design was selected. Study I includes translations and a confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis of a sample of 270 Spanish young persons (56.9% boys) aged between 12 and 18 years ( M = 14.65; SD = 1.27) from an urban public elementary school. Study II uses semi-structured interviews with adolescents identified as resilient and presents a content analysis and a reformulation of items with experts. Study III includes the confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, test–retest, convergent and discriminant validity, and multivariate analysis of variance to explore group differences of the resulting scale CYRM-32. The sample consisted of 432 at-risk young persons (54.9% boys) aged between 12 and 19 years old ( M = 14.99; SD = 2.23). The results confirm the adequate psychometric properties of the CYRM-32 scale. From the original scale, 4 items were eliminated, 5 were reformulated presenting very low saturations. Meanwhile, 6 items were added to the cultural adaptation phase, resulting in a 32-item scale. The confirmatory analysis confirms the 3 factors expected in the CYRM-32 scale with good reliability indexes (Cronbach’s α total scale 0.88, family interaction 0.79, interaction with others 0.72 and individual skills 0.78). The scale has convergent and discriminant validity in relation to the Brief Resilient Coping Scale, Coping Scale for Adolescents and Self-Concept. Significant differences were found in the scores of the CYRM-32 scale for the ethnic variable [ F (71. 358) = 1.714, p < 0.001], while no differences appear according to age and gender. This finding confirms the importance of culture in the resiliency processes. The CYRM-32 scale has good psychometric properties and is a new alternative for measuring resilience in Spanish at-risk youth.

To create a new conceptual model of resilience based on evidence, this integrative systematic review aims to identify the evidence‐based protective factors related to resilience among children, adolescents and young adults at‐risk of several exposures. An Integrative Systematic review was conducted by using systematic principles according to PRISMA statement. Searching strategy was conducted through MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science (ISI) and PsycINFO during July 2021(1991–2021). Keywords were related to resilience, self‐esteem, hardiness, ego‐resilience, risk factors, vulnerability, protective factors, ecological model and theoretical model. Those statiscally significant protective factors found in individual studies conducted with young populations (from 7 to 24 years old) exposed to violence, trauma or socio‐economic instability were included in the qualitative synthesis. Of 15,235 peer‐reviewed articles initially identified, 93 articles were screened and met the inclusion criteria; finally, 31 articles were included for the quality synthesis. More than 60 protective factors were found. They were classified in 10 different domains and two dimensions of resilience (Individual skills and Environmental), developing a new model of resilience: The Individual and Environmental Resilience Model (IERM). The Environmental dimension includes the domains: Family, School, Peers, Cultural and Community and The Individual skills dimension: Biological, Behaviour, Communications, Cognitive and Emotional domains. These domains and their specific protective factors have been set up as protective factors that significantly buffer negative outcomes in the face of adverse events. Compared with other models currently available, the new IERM model is potentially a more comprehensive approach that may facilitate the development of effective interventions to promote resilience in children, adolescents and young adults.

Patients with FM have a high probability of anxious-depressive-type psychopathologic alterations. Their vulnerability to these conditions may be determined by personality traits. The SD character dimension may have implications for therapy, as low SD is associated with the presence of psychopathology and with a low capacity to cope with the disease.

The results suggest that increased use of network resources and training are related to a positive attitude towards VWA in primary health professionals, both in Catalonia and Costa Rica.