Objective: Drug–drug interactions are of major concern due to links to untoward drug effects, hospitalizations, and serious health impacts. Elderly patients are more predisposed to drug interactions than younger patients. The present study aimed to find out the prevalence of drug–drug interactions at North West Ethiopian compressive specialized hospitals’ Internal Medicine wards. Methods: From 30 April to 30 July 2021 GC, a multicenter prospective observational study was conducted at north Ethiopian specialized hospitals. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire adapted from different literature and medical records at the North West Ethiopian Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals’ Internal Medicine wards during the study period. Thereafter checked the completeness of the collected data was checked drug–drug interactions by using Medscape. Epi data version 4.6.2 software was used as data clearance and STATA version 14.1 was used for further data analysis. Result: A total of 389 subjects participated in the study of which more than half (55.53%) of them were female with a mean (SD) age of 68.9 ± 7.46 years. A total of 641 drug–drug interactions were detected in this investigation of which, 225(35.1%) were major, 299(46.6%) were significant interactions, and 117(18.3%) were minor interactions. Hospital stay (AOR = 5.95 CI: 3.49–10.12), retire (AOR = 6.71 CI: 1.26–35.78), 5–9 drugs (AOR = 5.30 CI: 2.91–9.67) and more than 10 drugs (AOR = 8.03 CI: 2.47–26.07) were important risk factors for drug–drug interactions. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that drug–drug interactions were high among hospitalized elderly patients. The presence of polypharmacy, to be retired, and hospital stayed were all found to be strongly linked with drug–drug interactions.

Introduction. The solvent fractions of the fruits of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) have not yet been explored scientifically for in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the solvent fractions of the fruit of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) in rats. Method. The crude extract of Argemone mexicana was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. Wound healing activity was evaluated using excision and incision wound models while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. The fractions were evaluated at 5 and 10% ointments using moist-exposed burn ointment as the standard drug, and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg test doses using aspirin, and dexamethasone as standard drugs for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. All treatment administrations were made orally for anti-inflammatory activity and applied topically for wound healing activity. Result. The 10% w/w ethyl acetate fraction ointment showed a significant percentage of wound contraction, reduced period of epithelialization, increased amount of fibrosis, neovascularization, and collagen tissue formation ( p < 0.01 ). The ethyl acetate fraction also showed a significant increase in tensile strength (55%; p < 0.01 ) and (81.10%; p < 0.01 ) at the tested doses of 5 and 10% w/w ointments, which was comparable to moist-exposed burn ointment. The ethyl acetate fraction also revealed a significant percent edema inhibition (61.41%; p < 0.01 ), suppression of the exudate (38.09% p < 0.01 ), and granuloma mass formations (53.47% p < 0.01 ) at the tested dose of 400 mg/kg. Conclusion. The results of this study showed that the Ethyl acetate fraction of Argemone mexicana fruit has significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which support the traditional claims of the experimental plant.

The root of Stephania abyssinica (Dill. and A. Rich.) Walp. (Menispermaceae) is traditionally used to treat wounds. Despite the fact that there have been in vitro studies and claims supporting wound healing, there has been no scientific data on the in vivo wound healing activities of the root of S. Abyssinica. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of 80% methanol root extract and solvent fractions of S. Abyssinica in mice. Methods: The roots of S. Abyssinica were air dried, ground and macerated by 80% methanol three times successively. The crude extract was fractionated by water, hexane and ethyl acetate separately. The acute dermal toxicity test was done by applying 2000 mg/ kg of the 10% w/w crude extract. Wound healing activity of crude extract was evaluated on excision, incision and burn wound models, while the fractions were evaluated on excision wound model only. Results: In mice, an acute dermal toxicity test of 2000 mg/kg of the 10% w/w crude extract was found to be safe. The 10% w/w crude extract ointment (CEO) produced significant (p < 0.001) wound contraction from 4th to 16th post wounding days, and the 5% w/w CEO were significant (p < 0.01) wound contraction on 10th post wounding day as compared to simple ointment (SO) treated group on excision wound. On burn wound models, the CEO showed highly significant (p < 0.001) from the 6th post wounding days onwards. The tensile strength was increased significantly (p < 0.001) by the CEO treated mice as compared to the untreated group and SO group. Conclusion:The data obtained from this study showed 80% methanol crude extract, the aqueous and the 10% w/w ethyl acetate fraction possessed better wound healing activities, and decreased period of epithelialization.

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