Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mainly a disease of children and young adults. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common finding in diabetic patients. Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of DN. Aim of the study was analysis of clinical, laboratory, instrumental, anamnestic examinations data in pediatric patients with T1D and early stage of DN in order to evaluate possible factors associated with early stage of DN and predictors of DN development and progression. A survey of 105 children (62 males, 43 females) with T1D and DN aged 5 to 17 years in Endocrinology unit on Clinical Pediatric Hospital №6 (Kyiv, Ukraine) done. Following clinical and biochemical characteristics found associated with an early DN: inflammatory phenotype (increased ESR, decreased albumin/globulin ratio), functional cardiovascular disorders (increased systolic blood pressure, “minor” ECG changes), signs of secondary metabolic disorders (high HbA1c, increased serum cholesterol level, increase ALAT and ASAT levels). Kidney function impairment at early stage of DN shows: higher MAU grade, GFR decline, rise in serum creatinine level as compared to T1D group. Presence of concomitant kidney and endocrine disease; positive family history found in a bigger number of patients with DN. DKA episodes number found as a factor associated with higher levels of MAU in children with DN. Patients who had microalbuminuria and more than 5 episodes of DKA/year (poorly controlled T1D) have higher progression rate to macroalbuminuria as compared to those who have less than 5 episodes of DKA/year after a 6-year follow-up study.

Summary:  The increase in the number of endocrine pathology in our time is most associated with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, which is one of the medical and social problems of modern society. According to the International Diabetic Federation (IDF) in 2015, about 415 million people in the world suffer from diabetes mellitus (DM). The purpose of our work is to study the parameters of oxidative homeostasis in children with type 1 diabetes, depending on the duration of the disease and the late complications of type 1 diabetes. Methods and materials. A total of 90 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus were diagnosed with age 13.59 ± 1.04 grams, 42 of them were girls and 48 boys with a disease duration of 4.68–3.49 grams. All children underwent treatment at the endocrinology department at the DKL No. 6, Kyiv. In the children we examined, we studied the indexes of oxidative homeostasis, namely, the products of LPO – MDA were de- termined according to the method of Stalin ID, the antioxidant system – SOD was determined according to the technique of Siroty T.V., catalase by the method of Korolyuk M.A., and reducing glutathione – by the method of Hymerha F.I. The research was conducted at the Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine of the O.O. Bogomolets NMU. Result. We detected a reliable dependence of the level of malondialdehyde on the duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The level of malondialdehyde increased with an increase in the duration of DM 1 type. The level of SOD the first years of the disease increased, but for 5 years the disease was reduced. The level of catalase and glutathione with decreasing durability decreases. What can be said about the depletion of the AOS and the maintenance of OS performance at a high level. There was no reliable dependence on the presence of late complications and the level of indicators of oxidative homeostasis.

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The course of type 1 diabetes in children can be complicated by cardiovascular disorders in the form of life-threatening arrhythmias, especially in patients with congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). It remains relevant to determine the risk groups for developing such complications, to search for convenient diagnostic algorithms and subsequent management tactics for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who have acquired and congenital long LQTS. Study purpose is to determine the risk groups for the development of cardiovascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children, by the QT and corrected (QTc) interval ranges. Materials and methods. The examination involved 53 children with type 1 diabetes, who were divided into 2 groups depending on the duration of the disease. To determine the parameters relevant for the study, the bioelectrical activity of the heart was assessed by ECG and Holter ECG monitoring. For additional assessment of the patients' condition over a long period of time, they were offered to keep a diary with monitoring of parameters important for the study. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out with the SPSS 22.0 program. Results and conclusions. Changes in the duration of the QTc interval and its variance have been proved depending on the duration of the disease and influence of the glycemia level plus insulin therapy on the value of these indicators. For children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, an algorithm has been developed to identify risk groups for the development of cardiovascular complications associated with LQTS, which makes it possible to determine three risk groups and the tactics of their further management. According to the authors, the main goal of reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular complications in the form of ventricular arrhythmias (which can lead to sudden death syndrome) is the timely diagnosis of long QT interval syndrome. Recognition of congenital LQTS is important, since unstable glycemic levels and the appointment of insulin therapy can significantly worsen the child's condition. For children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus before the appointment of insulin therapy, the authors propose their own algorithm for identifying risk groups for the development of cardiovascular complications associated with long QT interval syndrome and tactics for their further management. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: type 1 diabetes, long QT syndrome, patient management algorithm.

The efficiency rating of the treatment in patients with Meniere's disease was performed with the help of different methods in accordance to vestibular function for the early term (in 3 months) after treatment. Improvement of clinical course was observed in all groups of patients. However. complex therapy became the most effective method which included pneumomassage of labyrinthine windows and kinesitherapy. The article shows advantages of complex therapy over the medication therapy according to assessment of vestibular dysfunction.