Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil is proven to have efficacy as an antibacterial against pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. Essential oils was formulate into gel dosage forms with a base combination of HPMC and carbopol. The use of this combination is known to produce a gel with physical properties better than a single use. This research aimed to investigate the effect of variations of HPMC and carbopol to the physical properties of the gel, the concentration of HPMC and carbopol to produce the optimum formula, and the physical stability of essential oil gel of lemongrass during storage. Gel was made by lemongrass essential oil at a concentration of 6% with  base of HPMC and carbopol. Each formula were made and tested the physical properties that include organoleptic, homogenity, pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesiveness. HPMC and carbopol composition were determined through the process of screening and optimization Simplex Lattice Design methods by Design Expert 7.1.5 software. Experimental results and predictions of SLD were verified by testing one sample t-test with a 95% confidence level. The optimum formula gel of lemongrass essential oil consisting of 4.00% HPMC and 1.00% carbopol. The results test of physical properties of lemongrass essential oil gel obtained homogeneous gel with a pH value of 6.00 ± 0.00, viscosity of 280.00 ± 26.46 dPa.S, spreadability of 9.36 ± 0.47 cm2, and adhesiveness of 2.36 ± 0.10 seconds. Lemongrass essential oil gel was stable for 3 cycles of testing include organoleptic, homogeneity, syneresis, pH, adhesion, and the viscosity of the gel. Spreadability of gel was not stable.

Purpose: To assess the effect of the lactic acid (LA)-to-glycolic acid (GA) molar ratio and polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration on the formation of poly-lactide co-glycolide acid (PLGA)-PEG-PLGA co-block polymers simultaneously using statistical approach. Methods: A 22 full factorial design with the addition of a point in the center of the design, namely curvature, was applied. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed to confirm the formation of the co-block polymer. Simvastatin (SMV), a drug model was incorporated into the nano-polymeric micellar (NpM) of PLGA-PEG-PLGA followed by solubility phase, particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency characterizations. Results: FTIR, DSC, and NMR successfully confirmed the formation of co-block polymers. Solubility of SMV increased from 2 to 44-folds depending on co-block concentration with entrapment efficiency of 59%-80%. The NpM had size in the range of 206 to 402 nm with negative zeta potential. LA to GA ratio had greater effect on particle size reduction and increasing of co-polymer length. In addition, it had higher contributions on increasing of solubility and entrapment efficiency of SMV than PEG. Conclusion: According to these findings, the LA to GA ratio and PEG concentration gained a great consideration in order to prepare the PLGA-PEG-PLGA co-block which fulfilled the quality target product profile of NpM delivery system.

Pacing (Costus speciosus) is an herbaceous plant that is native to Indonesia and it can be used as a male contraceptive due to spermatogenesis inhibition. The purpose of this study is to find out the composition of optimum Avicel PH 200 ® as the fillerbinder and amylum as the disintegration agent and to find out the variations on physical properties of the powder and tablet. Tablets of Costus speciosus extract (CS tablet) were produced by direct compression in 8 runs based on Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) from Design Expert 7.1.5. Evaluation on physical properties of powder included tapping index, water absorption, and moisture content, while evaluation on the physical properties of tablet included hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The results showed that the variation in the composition between Avicel ® PH 200 as the filler-binder and amylum as the disintegration agent had a significant effect on the friability of CS tablet, in which the combination of both materials can increase the friability of the tablet. The optimum formula of CS tablet had a composition of Avicel ® PH 200 by 462.5mg and amylum by 37.5mg contained in each tablet.

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Indonesia merupakan negara tropis dengan intensitas sinar matahari yang tinggi sehingga hal ini dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap kulit manusia. Untuk mencegah kerusakan akibat dari cahaya matahari diperlukan suatu bahan yang bersifat fotoprotektor dengan mekanisme kerja menyerap atau menghalangi cahaya matahari masuk ke kulit. Flavonoid ekstrak etanol rimpang temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht) diketahui memiliki aktivitas sebagai fotoprotektor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol rimpang temu kunci dalam sediaan tabir surya yang mengandung bahan aktif oksibenson sebagai fotoprotektor; mengetahui aktivitas fotodegradasi tirosin serta kadar fenolik total ekstrak etanol rimpang temu kunci. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menguji delapan formula. Penentuan kemampuan fotoproteksi berdasarkan nilai transmisi eritema dan transmisi pigmentasi. Uji inhibisi fotodegradasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan enam kelompok komposisi tirosin dan Rhetoflam. Uji penentuan kadar fenolik total dilakukan menggunakan metode Follin-Ciocalteu. Hasil pengukuran diintrapolasikan ke dalam kurva baku asam galat. Penambahan ekstrak etanol rimpang temu kunci mampu menurunkan transmisi eritema 0,72-0,76 kali dan transmisi pigmentasi 0,57-0,61 kali dari sediaan tabir surya. Pemberian ekstrak etanol rimpang temu kunci 6% pada sediaan tabirsurya mengandung oksibenson 6% meningkatkan efektivitas tabir surya dengan menurunkan transmisi eritema 1,00 kali dan transmisi pigmentasi 1,02 kali lebih baik dari sediaan tabir surya mengandung bahan aktif oksibenson saja. Sedangkan kandungan fenolik total ekstrak etanol ripang temu kunci adalah sebesar 7,11 ± 0,15 % EAG dengan aktivitas penghambatan fotodegradasi tirosin 2,06 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan vitamin C pada kadar yang sama, yaitu 0,15%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanolik rimpang temu kunci dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan aktif fotoprotektor dalam sediaan kosmetik.