In an earth-fill dam, the effect of seepage has been studied by applying a finite element method using the SEEP2D program. This is in order to determine the quantity of seepage through the dam. The total head measurements, core permeability, and anisotropy ratio (kx/ky) (Case study: Khassa Chai Dam, Iraq) are taken as the main parameters. The effect of the different water heads of the reservoir were tested on the seepage. The results showed that any increase in the water heads caused an increase in seepage quantity. Also, it was found that the seepage rate decreases by about 8.7%, 13.2%, and 15.3% at levels of water 454, 471, and 485 m.a.s.l, respectively by changing the core permeability from 10-6 m/s to 10-7 m/s. It has been concluded that the clay core plays a significant role in decreasing the seepage quantity and existing gradient. The results of testing the effect of anisotropy ratio on seepage showed that an increase in (kx/ky) ratio leads to an increase in seepage quantity. Output variables and input variables have been linked by the ANN model that governs seepage quantity through zoned earth dams and existed gradients. The results showed that both models present a good estimation for the determination of coefficient R2 (0.9003, 0.933).

The permeable pavement seems to be an established stormwater management solution that may be utilized in parking and low-traffic areas. These pavements can reduce the amount of runoff that reduces the environmental impact compared with a traditional drainage system. Traditional drainage systems, which carry stormwater runoff quickly to a stream by piped systems, cause increases in runoff volume, peak flow, and pollutants are taken to rivers. This paper tests permeable asphalt pavement in a purpose-designed laboratory apparatus. To understand the hydraulic flow conditions and the runoff performance that occurred within two layers of permeable and conventional pavement. The thickness of the permeable layer is 25, 37.5, and 50 mm, and the conventional layer is 80mm. An artificial rainfall covering an area of 1.5 ×1.0 m2 is constructed to study the relationship between surface runoff and subsurface runoff from a permeable pavement under different geometric design parameters of a roadway. Five slopes set at 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 % in a short direction, and four discharge as 20, 40,60 and 80 L/min are tested. The result demonstrated that 50 mm thickness is suitable for permeable asphalt pavement under the most slope, increasing subsurface runoff and decreasing surface runoff water.