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In 1991, Vietnam implemented a compulsory primary schooling reform that provides this study a natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of education on health care utilization with a regression discontinuity design. This paper finds that education causes statistically significant impacts on health care utilization, although the signs of the impacts change with specific types of health care services examined. In particular, education increases the inpatient utilization of the public health sector, but it reduces the outpatient utilization of both the public and private health sectors. The estimates are strongly robust to various windows of the sample choice. The paper also discovers that the links between education and the probability of health insurance and income play essential roles as potential mechanisms to explain the causal impact of education on health care utilization in Vietnam.

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Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of human resource management (HRM) practices on firm outcomes at the firm level in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach-The paper employs a fixed-effects framework for the estimation using a panel sample of manufacturing firms from small-and medium-sized enterprise surveys between 2009 and 2013. Findings-The paper finds that, on average, a firm that provides the training for new workers gains roughly 13.7, 10 and 14.9 percent higher in output value per worker, value added per worker and gross profit per worker, respectively, than the counterpart. Moreover, an additional ten-day training duration for new employees on average leads to a 4.1 percent increase in output value per worker, a 3.0 percent rise in value added per worker and a 3.0 percent growth in gross profit per worker. The paper also uncovers that a marginal 10 percent of HRM spending results in about 2 and 1.6 percent rises in output value per worker and value added per worker, respectively. Originality/value-Using the case of Vietnam, this paper shows the important roles of HRM practices in explaining firm outcomes.