BackgroundFood born pathogenic bacteria and filamentous fungi are able to grow on most foods, including natural foods, processed foods, and fermented foods and create considerable economic loss. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and functional properties of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens recovered from silage.MethodsMinimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the compounds was assessed by using broth micro dilution method. The 1,1-diphenyl–2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical-scavenging abilities were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity of the strain.ResultsPrimary antimicrobial compound production screening revealed that B. amyloliquefaciens exhibited significant activity against all the tested bacteria and fungi compared to other strains. The 16S rRNA and gyrase A gene sequence analysis determined using molecular biological tools confirmed that the strain was 99% similarity towards B. amyloliquefaciens. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus were 25.0 μg ml−1, and S, epidermidis were 12.5 μg ml−1, respectively. Filamentous fungi Aspergillus clavatus, A. fumigates, A. niger and Gibberella moniliformis showed 25 μg ml−1. VJ-1 was able to survive the gastrointestinal conditions simulating the stomach and duodenum passage with the highest percentage of hydrophobicity. In addition, its resistance to hydrogen peroxide and highest hydroxyl radical and 2, 2-diphenyl–1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, with inhibition rates of 56.84% and 67.12% respectively, were its advantage. An antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was an intrinsic feature of this strain, and thus, consumption does not represent a health risk to humans.ConclusionBacillus amyloliquefaciens might be a promising candidate for new pharmaceutical agents and probiotics.

BackgroundPlant metabolites have wide applications and have the potential to cure different diseases caused by microorganisms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, cytotoxic, antifeedant and larvicidal properties of novel quinine isolated from Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa.MethodsA compound was obtained by eluting the crude extract, using varying concentrations of the solvents by the chromatographic purification. Broth micro dilution method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity and anticancer study was evaluated using MTT assay. Larvicidal activity was studied using leaf disc no-choice method.ResultsBased on the IR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectral data, the compounds were identified as quinone related antibiotic. It exhibited significant activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the compound against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was 100 and 75 μg mL−1 respectively. Against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa it exhibited MIC value of 25 μg mL−1. The MIC of the compound against Aspergillus niger, A. clavatus, Penicillium roqueforti was 20 μg mL−1 and that against Fusarium oxysporum (20 μg mL−1), A. oryzae (40 μg mL−1), and Candida albicans (60 μg mL−1), respectively. It showed effective antibiofilm activity against E. coli, S. typhii and P. aeroginosa at 8 μg mL−1 and did not exhibit considerable cytotoxic activity against Vero and HEP2 cell lines. Additionally, the compound documented significant antifeedant and larvicidal activities against Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura at 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations.ConclusionThe results concluded that the compound can be evaluated further in industrial applications and also an agent to prepare botanical new pesticide formulations.

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BackgroundThere is increasing recognition of the concordance between marine biogeographic and phylogeographic boundaries. However, it is still unclear how population-level divergence translates into species-level divergence, and what are the principal factors that first initiate that divergence, and then maintain reproductive isolation. This study examines the likely forces driving population and lineage divergences in the broadly-distributed Indo-Pacific spiny lobster Panulirus homarus, which has peripheral divergent lineages in the west and east. The study focuses particularly on the West Indian Ocean, which is emerging as a region of unexpected diversity. Mitochondrial control region (mtCR) and COI sequences as well as genotypes of 9 microsatellite loci were examined in 410 individuals from 17 locations grouped into 7 regions from South Africa in the west, and eastward across to Taiwan and the Marquesas Islands. Phylogenetic and population-level analyses were used to test the significance and timing of divergences and describe the genetic relationships among populations.ResultsAnalyses of the mtCR revealed high levels of divergence among the seven regions (ФST = 0.594, P < 0.001). Microsatellite analyses also revealed significant divergence among regions, but at a much lower level (FST = 0.066, P < 0.001). The results reveal different patterns of mtCR v. nDNA divergence between the two distinct peripheral lineages: a subspecies in South Africa and Madagascar, and a phylogeographically diverged population in the Marquesas. The results also expose a number of other more fine-scale population divergences, particularly in the Indian Ocean.ConclusionsThe divergence of peripheral lineages in the west and east of the species’ range appear to have been initiated and maintained by very different processes. The pattern of mitochondrial and nuclear divergence of the western lineage, implicates processes of parapatric isolation, secondary contact and introgression, and suggests possible maintenance through adaptation and behavioural reproductive isolation. In contrast, the eastern lineage appears to have diverged through a rare colonisation event, maintained through long-term isolation, and matches expectations of the core-periphery hypothesis. The process of active peripheral speciation may be a common force in the Indo-Pacific that helps drive some of the regions’ recognized biogeographic boundaries.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1050-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The present study aimed to investigate the microbial populations of popular Indian traditional fermented food and determine the antifungal, probiotic and antioxidant properties. After a preliminary subtractive screening of the strains based on the antagonistic properties against the food spoilage fungus such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, a strain named T5 was selected for characterization. Micro morphology, biochemical and physiological studies revealed that the strain was closely resembled to Lactobacillus and 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequence study confirmed that the strain belonged Lactobacillus plantarum. The strain T5 was able to withstand the gastrointestinal tract conditions, able to tolerate low buffering conditions and grow in the presence of bile salts. The antibiotic sensitive to common antibiotics were its advantage. In addition, the strain T5 showed comparatively better growth in the presence of H 2 O 2 , and the rates of hydroxyl radical, and DPPH scavenging activities were 54% and 77%, respectively. In conclusion, antifungal, probiotic and antioxidant properties of Lactobacillus plantarum T5 confirmed its benefit and application to the food industry.