Ruminants Full-length research article Dynamics of biochemical parameters in lambs during the first four months of life ABSTRACT-We aimed to verify whether age influences the biochemical profile of healthy lambs during the first four months of life by characterizing the dynamics of its parameters and verifying whether there are differences between the profiles of growing animals and the reference values established for adults. Blood samples of 34 ½ White Dorper × ½ Suffolk female lambs were collected at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of age, and the serum concentrations of total proteins, total globulins, albumin, urea, creatinine, bilirubins (total, conjugated, and unconjugated), total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase were determined. Descriptive statistics of these parameters were performed to compare them with the reference intervals used for adult sheep. Age influenced the dynamics of all the biochemical parameters between 30 and 120 days of age. Moreover, except for the total, conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins, total cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase means, the values of the lambs differed from the reference intervals established for adults. In conclusion, there is an influence of age on biochemical parameters in healthy female lambs in the first four months of life, and often the biochemical parameters of young animals differ from those of adults. Therefore, the interpretation of tests performed on growing animals should be made based on specific reference intervals for this age group.
A hybrid stochastic model was developed including discrete events and agent-based simulations in order to identify the productive parameters and management criteria that most affect meat sheep production. A sheep herd on a pasture termination system, without weaning and with natural mating, was outlined. In order to devise this herd, a pre-existing database from between 1999 and 2013 was used. This conceptual model included the flushing, mating, gestation, lactation, termination and maintenance phases. Health, feeding and management criteria were also considered and recommended. Simulation scenarios were built which were later evaluated by regression analysis. The net operational margin was between R$ 11 741.80 and R$ 21 389.80, and an average of R$ 14 412.14 ± R$ 3 873.02 for different scenarios. Food costs had the greatest impact (25.4%) in relation to operating costs, while health costs were the lowest (1.3%). The abortion rate showed a higher linear response in contrast to the birth rate and the net operating margin, upon analysing ewe productivity parameters. However, neonatal mortality showed the greatest impact on net profit and on general lamb mortality. Carrying out economic analyses within the livestock sector can make a difference within such a competitive market, where prices are not controlled, only costs. The use of discrete event and agent-based simulation methodologies allowed for the assessment of different approaches to sheep production. The present study demonstrated the tool’s potential within the scope of meat sheep production, but this model can act as a guideline for other animal production systems.
AGRADECIMENTOSAcredito que na vida nada é por acaso, que os planos de Deus são perfeitos e que tudo que acontece no caminho tem o simples propósito de nos fazer evoluir. O que fazemos e com quem nos relacionamos durante a vida são oportunidades únicas para que possamos aprender e crescer, não só como indivíduos, mas em prol do bem comum, crescer em sociedade. Agradeço a Universidade de São Paulo, em conjunto com a Faculdade deMedicina Veterinária e Zootecnia e ao Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, pela oportunidade a mim concedida de realizar esse doutorado. Obrigada pelo tão sonhado e almejado "número USP". Agradeço a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo -FAPESP, e a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior -CAPES, pelo apoio financeiro na concessão das bolsas de estudo.Agradeço ao Laboratório de Pesquisa e Produção de Ovinos e Caprinos -LAPOC, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, na pessoa da Professora Dra. Alda Lúcia Gomes Monteiro, pelo apoio incondicional e imprescindível na concessão dos dados e compartilhamento dos conhecimentos. Obrigada por todo aprendizado durante esses seis anos de parceria. Grande parte do que sei e da paixão que possuo pela ovinocultura são frutos dos ensinamentos e convivência adquiridos com a professora Alda. Muito obrigada! Com esse doutoramento tive a oportunidade de conhecer e rever pessoas incríveis. Quero aproveitar este espaço e agradecer ao Programa de Nutrição e Produção Animal e seu excelente corpo docente e funcionários, pelo apoio e suporte no desenvolvimento dessa tese. Realizar a análise econômica de uma produção agropecuária não é algo trivial, seja pela enorme heterogeneidade entre cada unidade produtiva, seja porque utiliza muitos recursos naturais, alguns de difícil mensuração. Há diversos métodos disponíveis para o cálculo do custo de produção, que é o indicador chave para a análise da viabilidade de um empreendimento. O desafio é permitir que a projeção da atividade no horizonte produtivo seja a mais real e dinâmica possível. A simulação computacional é atualmente uma das mais poderosas ferramentas de análise disponível para o planejamento, projeto e controle de sistemas complexos, e vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada e difundida. Simular compreende a elaboração de um método de experimentação que, através da construção de modelos de um sistema real, procura descrever comportamentos, construir teorias ou hipóteses por meio do observado e predizer comportamentos futuros. O uso de modelos de simulação, que incorporem o risco e a probabilidade dentro produção animal, pode ser uma alternativa tanto técnica -auxiliando na tomada de decisão, gestão e planejamento pecuário, quanto científica -permitindo a avaliação de efeitos de resultados da pesquisa e identificação de limitantes que podem incentivar o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras. O modelo de simulação híbrido -baseado em simulação de eventos discretos e baseado em agentes, aqui proposto -visou identificar coeficientes zootécnicos e os critérios de manejo que mais im...
A stochastic, agent-based simulation model was created to compare the technical performance of reproductive strategies in beef cattle. The model was parameterized using field data and peer-reviewed scientific literature using AnyLogic software. Ten scenarios were evaluated: natural mating (NM) only (ONM); one timed artificial insemination (TAI) plus NM (1TAI+NM); two TAI plus NM, with 24, 32, and 40 days of interval between TAI (2TAI/24+NM, 2TAI/32+NM, and 2TAI/40+NM, respectively); three TAI without NM, with 24, 32, and 40 days of interval between TAI (3TAI/24, 3TAI/32, and 3TAI/40, respectively), and three TAI plus NM, with an interval between TAIs of 24 (3TAI/24+NM) and 32 days (3TAI/32+NM). The size of the female herd was up to 400 individuals. The bull population was 0, 7, or 15 bulls depending on the scenario used. The outcomes were assessed on 320 farms, using a 5,000-day time horizon at one-day time intervals and an animal-by-animal basis. The 3TAI/24+NM resulted in a higher number of births (293 births) and weaned calves (287 calves), while the ONM had the lowest number of births (207 births) as well as weaned calves (203 calves). The heaviest and lightest males at weaning belong to the 3TAI/24 (190.58 ± 0.77 kg) and ONM (166.59 ± 0.93 kg), respectively. The total pregnancy rate was highest in 3TAI/24+NM (0.90 ± 0.00) and lowest for ONM (0.61 ± 0.01). The ONM reach 50% of pregnancy 52.5 days longer when compared to the scenarios that included TAI. Our model accurately represents the main interactions of a real beef cattle herd, with all the advantages of a physical experiment without incurring significant money expenses or alterations to the system. This study suggests that scenarios with three TAI accompanied by early pregnancy diagnosis presented better technical performance and produced more and heavier calves.
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