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In rice (Oryza sativa L.), the root system plays different essential roles, from water and nutrient uptake to responding to environmental signals. The mechanisms underlying root development are complex and involve many phytohormones, of which auxin is the most important. This study investigates the involvement of OsGER4, a putative Germin-like protein, in auxin-mediated crown root development in rice. The expression study of OsGER4 in the crl1 mutant confirms that OsGER4 is connected to the CRL1 signaling pathway- a master regulator for crown root development. Transgenic rice carrying the ProGER4::GUS reporter gene revealed that OsGER4 is mainly expressed in the initiation and emergence zone of the crown and lateral root, such as epidermal cell, vasculature, and primordial under auxin treatment condition. Moreover, fewer crown roots of osger4 knockout mutant lines than the wild-type under auxin treatment suggests that OsGER4 might function as a regulator limiting auxin flux to root growth regions under stress conditions. Besides, protein localization experiments confirmed that OsGER4 localizes to plasmodesmata, which are intercellular channels that could facilitate auxin transport. Our findings suggest that OsGER4 might play a substantial role in regulating plasmodesmata conformation to regulate auxin flow resulting in crown root developmental in rice under stress conditions.

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Indigenous chicken breeds have both cultural significance and economic value since they possess unique genetic characteristics that enable them to adapt to the local environment and contribute to biodiversity, food security, and sustainable agriculture in Vietnam. To (Tò in Vietnamese) chicken, a Vietnamese indigenous chicken breed is popularly raised in Thai Binh province; however, little known is about the genetic diversity of this breed. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of To chicken for a better understanding of the diversity and origin of the breed. The results of sequencing showed that the mitochondrial genome of To chicken spans a total length of 16,784 base pairs and comprises one non-coding control region (known as the displacement-loop (D-loop) region), two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. The phylogenetic tree analyses and estimated genetic distances based on 31 complete mitochondrial genome sequences indicated that To chicken has a close genetic distance with the Laotian native chicken breed, Lv’erwu breed in China, and Nicobari black and Kadaknath breeds in India. The result of the current study might be important for conservation, breeding, and further genetic studies of To chicken.

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