Avian eggshell is a natural biomaterial that has been used as an alternative natural source of CaCO3 and is accessible in big amounts from egg manufacturing. This study was planned to estimate CaCO3 in quail’s eggshell because it has a probable use in the progress of a novel choice of many applications. Physical properties: mineralogical documentation of the natural eggshell nanoparticles were approved using XRD and FTIR to explore the chemical bond or molecular structure of the materials. Micrographs were obtained using FESEM/EDX and TEM to identify the morphology and size of nanoparticles. The results showed that quail eggshell was soft, with white to light sand color, and a smooth texture which allows good deposition of different color spots, from black to brown spots. The resulted of eggshells signifies almost 8.4% w/w of the overall weight (12.2) gram of quail egg and 91.60% w/w of the micropowder to the full weight of (0.94) gram of quail eggshell. The results presented that calcium is the main element in an eggshell; frequently occurs in a formula of CaCO3 and the crystal construction was almost pure calcite. FTIR spectra for quail eggshell demonstrated the existence of the out of plane bending, the asymmetric stretching, and the plane bending styles of the carbonate groups, specific of normal dolomite, situated at 873 cm–1, 1405 cm–1, and 710 cm–1, respectively. The FESEM and TEM for nanoparticles were shown calcite CaCO3 nanoparticles with an ordinary size of ≤ 100 nm for FESEM and with a variety size of ≤ 50 nm for TEM. Unfortunately, eggshell is an egg product manufacturing deposit. These incomes will let fast developments in proportional studies of the organic elements of avian eggshell and their purposeful consequences by usages of eggshell in nourishment and medicine which can be applied for many resolutions that diminish their consequence on environmental contamination.

Caeca are outpouches of the alimentary canal originating at the junction of the small and large intestine. The histology and ultrastructure of these caeca in birds reveal a considerable specific variation, which likely reflects functional differences among avian species. Each caecum divides into three regions or zones; proximal, middle and distal. In this work, a comparative study by light and transmission electron microscopy is carried out on the three different caecal regions of quail, duck and owl. The histological results show the presence of caecal tonsils in the beginning of the proximal region of quail caeca only. These tonsils are consisting of the aggregated masses of lymphocyte, forming a multiple nodules and encapsulated by muscle fibers. However the duck caeca were devoid of caecal tonsils and all caecal regions contained aggregation of lymphoid nodules while, in the owl caeca the lymphoid tissue found only in the proximal zone. The presence and shape of villi, plicae circulars and crypts were explained in detail. The ultra structure of the caecal regions of the each bird explained how the proximal perform its absorptive function more than the middle and distal regions through the presence of different organelles such as microvilli and mitochondria. Histology and ultra structure of the caeca in the three birds revealed some important facts which may be differ from that established in the past.